未
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Translingual
[edit]| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]未 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十木 (JD), four-corner 50900, composition ⿻一木)
Derived characters
[edit]- 朱, 耒, 来, 佅, 味, 妹, 怽, 抺, 沬, 昧, 㭑, 𪸙, 祙, 𤽜, 眛, 𥞊, 𧙕, 跊, 魅, 鮇 (𱇛), 䵢
- 𣭐, 䙿, 𣚺, 㖝, 𣠖, 𣠕, 苿, 𠃥, 𠩺, 㲠, 㹈, 寐, 𥧌, 膥
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 509, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14419
- Dae Jaweon: page 890, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 1
- Unihan data for U+672A
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
未 | |
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Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 未 | |||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | ||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
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Pictogram (象形) – a tree with two layers of branches, or a tree's top branches not yet at full growth, signifying not grown (yet)
Etymology
[edit]- "not yet"
- Fusion of negator 無 (OC *ma) with perfective particle 既 (OC *kɯds, “already”) (Jacques, 2000; similarly proposed by Pulleyblank, 1995, apud Schuessler, 2007).
- "eighth earthly branch"
- Smith (2011) proposes that this word denoted the waxing moon's "impending stage" before full moon. This word's early sense might be "tip" > "on the tipping point" if it could be connected to 末 (OC *maːd, “tip”), which is similar graphically and phonologically; though what morphological mechanism which can associate them two is unclear.
- As for its association with the goat, Ferlus (2013) notes there is good correspondence with Austronesian Atayal miːts (“lamb”); also compare Lao ມົດ (mot, “year of the lamb”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wei4
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ui5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): vei3
- Eastern Min (BUC): muôi / ê
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bue5 / bi5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6mi; 6vi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): uei4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
- Wade–Giles: wei4
- Yale: wèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
- Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /weɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: wei4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ui
- Sinological IPA (key): /uei²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mei6
- Yale: meih
- Cantonese Pinyin: mei6
- Guangdong Romanization: méi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /mei̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mei5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbei³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ui5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ui¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vi
- Hakka Romanization System: vi
- Hagfa Pinyim: vi4
- Sinological IPA: /vi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: vei3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /vei⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: muôi / ê
- Sinological IPA (key): /mui²⁴²/, /ɛi²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- muôi - vernacular;
- ê - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: bue5
- Sinological IPA (key): /puei²¹/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: bi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /pi²¹/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
Note:
- bue5 - vernacular;
- bi5 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Yilan, Magong, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bē
- Tâi-lô: bē
- Phofsit Daibuun: be
- IPA (Xiamen): /be²²/
- IPA (Philippines): /be⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei, Yilan): /be³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Penang)
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: běr
- Tâi-lô: běr
- IPA (Lukang): /bə³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Yilan, Magong, Philippines)
Note:
- bē/bēr/bōe/běr - vernacular;
- bī - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhuê7 / bhi7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buē / bī
- Sinological IPA (key): /bue¹¹/, /bi¹¹/
Note:
- bhuê7 - “not; have not”;
- bhi7 - one of the earthly branches.
Note:
- 3mi - vernacular;
- 3vi - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: uei4
- Sinological IPA (key): /u̯e̞i̯⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: mj+jH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m[ə]t-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯds/
Definitions
[edit]未
- to have not; not yet
- not
- † Alternative form of 味 (wèi)
- (Cantonese, Min) used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet
- eighth of twelve earthly branches
- lamb (羊) of Chinese zodiac
Synonyms
[edit]- (not yet): 還沒／还没 (háiméi), 仍未 (réngwèi); (literary) 尚未 (shàngwèi); (Cantonese) 仲未, 並未／并未 (bìngwèi); (Hakka) 吂曾, 吂識／吂识; (Hokkien, Teochew) 猶未／犹未; (Wu) 朆
- (not):
Coordinate terms
[edit]- (Chinese earthly branches) 地支 (dìzhī); 子, 丑 (chǒu), 寅 (yín), 卯 (mǎo), 辰 (chén), 巳 (sì), 午 (wǔ), 未 (wèi), 申 (shēn), 酉 (yǒu), 戌, 亥 (hài) (Category: zh:Chinese earthly branches)
Compounds
[edit]- 並未／并未 (bìngwèi)
- 也未可知
- 乳臭未乾／乳臭未干 (rǔxiùwèigān)
- 乳臭未除
- 亘古未有 (gèngǔwèiyǒu)
- 亙古未有／亘古未有 (gèngǔwèiyǒu)
- 兵未血刃
- 分文未取
- 前古未聞／前古未闻
- 前所未有 (qiánsuǒwèiyǒu)
- 前所未聞／前所未闻
- 前所未見／前所未见 (qiánsuǒwèijiàn)
- 前途未卜
- 力有未逮 (lìyǒuwèidài)
- 千古未聞／千古未闻
- 原封未動／原封未动
- 口血未乾／口血未干
- 吉凶未卜
- 含苞未放
- 坑灰未冷
- 壯志未酬／壮志未酬 (zhuàngzhìwèichóu)
- 夜未央
- 天真未鑿／天真未凿
- 始料未及 (shǐliàowèijí)
- 妾身未明
- 存亡未卜
- 寶刀未老／宝刀未老 (bǎodāowèilǎo)
- 尚未 (shàngwèi)
- 屍骨未寒／尸骨未寒 (shīgǔwèihán)
- 從未／从未 (cóngwèi)
- 得未嘗有／得未尝有
- 得未曾有 (déwèicéngyǒu)
- 意猶未盡／意犹未尽 (yìyóuwèijìn)
- 意猶未足／意犹未足
- 懵然未覺／懵然未觉
- 懸而未決／悬而未决 (xuán'érwèijué)
- 抔土未乾／抔土未干
- 方來未艾／方来未艾
- 方滋未艾
- 方興未已／方兴未已
- 方興未艾／方兴未艾 (fāngxīngwèi'ài)
- 曠古未有／旷古未有
- 曠古未聞／旷古未闻
- 未一
- 未了 (wèiliǎo)
- 未了公案
- 未了因
- 未了情
- 未了緣／未了缘
- 未亡
- 未亡人 (wèiwángrén)
- 未亡年
- 未來／未来 (wèilái)
- 未來主義／未来主义 (wèiláizhǔyì)
- 未來學／未来学 (wèiláixué)
- 未來派／未来派 (wèiláipài)
- 未來生／未来生
- 未來身／未来身
- 未便
- 未偶
- 未傅
- 未元
- 未兆
- 未免 (wèimiǎn)
- 未入
- 未入流
- 未冠
- 未冠題／未冠题
- 未卜 (wèibǔ)
- 未卜先知 (wèibǔxiānzhī)
- 未及 (wèijí)
- 未可 (wèikě)
- 未可厚非
- 未可限量
- 未合
- 未名
- 未名社
- 未售
- 未嘗／未尝 (wèicháng)
- 未嘗不可／未尝不可 (wèichángbùkě)
- 未因
- 未壹
- 未央 (wèiyāng)
- 未央宮／未央宫 (Wèiyāng Gōng)
- 未央殿 (Wèiyāng Diàn)
- 未如
- 未妥
- 未妨
- 未始 (wèishǐ)
- 未委
- 未婚 (wèihūn)
- 未婚夫 (wèihūnfū)
- 未婚妻 (wèihūnqī)
- 未婚媽媽／未婚妈妈
- 未字
- 未孚
- 未完 (wèiwán)
- 未定 (wèidìng)
- 未定之天
- 未家
- 未察
- 未就
- 未已
- 未常
- 未平
- 未幾／未几 (wèijǐ)
- 未形
- 未形之患
- 未從／未从
- 未必 (wèibì)
- 未必然
- 未必盡然／未必尽然
- 未愜／未惬
- 未應／未应
- 未成一簣／未成一篑
- 未成人 (wèichéngrén)
- 未成冠
- 未成年 (wèichéngnián)
- 未成年人 (wèichéngniánrén)
- 未或
- 未改
- 未敢 (wèigǎn)
- 未敢苟同
- 未料 (wèiliào)
- 未易
- 未明 (wèimíng)
- 未易才
- 未明求衣
- 未時／未时 (wèishí)
- 未晚 (wèiwǎn)
- 未晬
- 未暇
- 未曾 (wèicéng)
- 未有 (wèiyǒu)
- 未期
- 未果 (wèiguǒ)
- 未極／未极
- 未殊
- 未決／未决 (wèijué)
- 未決犯／未决犯
- 未沬
- 未沫
- 未消
- 未渠央
- 未渠已
- 未滿／未满
- 未濟／未济 (wèijì)
- 未為不可／未为不可
- 未然 (wèirán)
- 未焚徙薪
- 未熟兒／未熟儿
- 未牌
- 未牙
- 未申
- 未由
- 未皇
- 未盡／未尽
- 未省
- 未知 (wèizhī)
- 未知元
- 未知可否
- 未知所措
- 未知數／未知数 (wèizhīshù)
- 未知萬一／未知万一
- 未石
- 未視感／未视感 (wèishìgǎn)
- 未第
- 未笄
- 未素
- 未置可否
- 未老先衰 (wèilǎoxiānshuāi)
- 未能 (wèinéng)
- 未能免俗
- 未艾 (wèi'ài)
- 未艾方興／未艾方兴
- 未芽
- 未若
- 未萌
- 未見／未见 (wèijiàn)
- 未見得／未见得
- 未詳／未详 (wèixiáng)
- 未識一丁／未识一丁
- 未足
- 未足為道／未足为道
- 未足輕重／未足轻重 (wèizúqīngzhòng)
- 未辨東西／未辨东西
- 未辨菽麥／未辨菽麦
- 未逮
- 未遂 (wèisuì)
- 未遇
- 未遑 (wèihuáng)
- 未達一間／未达一间
- 未遂犯
- 未過門／未过门
- 未還／未还
- 未遽央
- 未間／未间
- 未開／未开 (wèikāi)
- 未際／未际
- 未雨綢繆／未雨绸缪 (wèiyǔchóumóu)
- 未非
- 未竟 (wèijìng)
- 未竟之志
- 未風先雨／未风先雨
- 未齒／未齿
- 未齔／未龀
- 李廣未封／李广未封
- 枕席未安
- 東方未明／东方未明
- 桑蔭未移／桑荫未移
- 樂未央／乐未央
- 死生未卜
- 毛羽未豐／毛羽未丰
- 沈吟未決
- 滴水未沾
- 為時未晚／为时未晚 (wéishíwèiwǎn)
- 狐疑未決／狐疑未决
- 猶未／犹未 (iáu-bē) (Min Nan)
- 猶豫未決／犹豫未决
- 生髮未燥／生发未燥
- 目所未睹
- 空前未有 (kōngqiánwèiyǒu)
- 童心未泯 (tóngxīnwèimǐn)
- 素未謀面／素未谋面 (sùwèimóumiàn)
- 綢繆未雨／绸缪未雨
- 羽毛未豐／羽毛未丰
- 聞所未聞／闻所未闻 (wénsuǒwèiwén)
- 良心未泯
- 見所未見／见所未见 (jiànsuǒwèijiàn)
- 訛未／讹未
- 躊躇未決／踌躇未决
- 迄未成功
- 遲疑未決／迟疑未决 (chíyíwèijué)
- 還未／还未
- 銳未可當／锐未可当
- 長樂未央／长乐未央
- 防患未然 (fánghuànwèirán)
- 防患未萌
- 防範未然／防范未然
- 陵土未乾／陵土未干
- 雌雄未決／雌雄未决
- 雲英未嫁／云英未嫁
- 青黃未接／青黄未接
- 韞櫝未酤／韫椟未酤
- 駒齒未落／驹齿未落
- 驚神未定／惊神未定
- 骨肉未寒
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Vietnamese: Mùi
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #1663”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]未
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 未開 (mikai, “uncivilized”)
- 未完 (mikan, “unfinished”)
- 未婚 (mikon, “unmarried”)
- 未熟 (mijuku, “immature; inexperienced”)
- 未遂 (misui, “attempt”, at a crime)
- 未成年 (miseinen, “minor”)
- 未然 (mizen, “previously”)
- 未然形 (mizenkei, “imperfective form”)
- 未曾有 (mizōu), 未曾有 (mizou, “unprecedented”)
- 未知 (michi, “unknown”)
- 未知数 (michisū, “unknown, variable”, in mathematics)
- 未定 (mitei, “undecided”)
- 未踏 (mitō, “unexplored”)
- 未納 (minō, “payment default”)
- 未必の故意 (mihitsu no koi, “willful negligence”)
- 未亡人 (mibōjin, “widow”)
- 未満 (miman, “insufficient”)
- 未来 (mirai, “future”)
- 未了 (miryō, “unfinished”)
Etymology 1
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 未 |
| ひつじ Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches
Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 未 |
| み Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 未 (mjɨjH).
Prefix
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- the Sheep, the eighth of the twelve Earthly Branches
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 未 (MC mj+jH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 밍〮 (Yale: mí) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Early Modern Korean 미 (Yale: mi) in Samun Seonghwi (三韻聲彙 / 삼운성휘), 1751.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (in 미안 (未安, mian)):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mi]
- Phonetic hangul: [미]
- (not; un-; etc.):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mi(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [미(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]Compounds
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading ま・だ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ひつじ
- Japanese terms spelled with 未 read as ひつじ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with homophones
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 未
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms spelled with 未 read as み
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese prefixes
- ja:Chinese earthly branches
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Early Modern Korean hanja
- Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán