COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan
| COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan | |
|---|---|
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Taiwan |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | Taoyuan International Airport |
| Arrival date | 21 January 2020 (4 years, 9 months and 4 weeks) |
| Confirmed cases | 10,239,998 (25 April 2023)[1][2][3] |
| Recovered | 10,220,993[4] |
Deaths | 19,005 (25 April 2023)[1][2][3] |
| Fatality rate | 0.186% |
| Vaccinations | |
| Government website | |
| Taiwan Centers for Disease Control | |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 19 March 2023[update] in Taiwan, 10,231,343 are confirmed cases, including 18,775 deaths.[1]
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Taiwan on 21 January 2020, with the first case being a 50-year-old woman who had been teaching in Wuhan, China.[6] The Taiwanese government integrated data from the national health care system, immigration, and customs authorities to aid in the identification and response to the virus. Government efforts are coordinated through the National Health Command Center (NHCC) of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, established to aid in disaster management for epidemics following the 2003 SARS outbreak.[7][8] The Journal of the American Medical Association says Taiwan engaged in 124 discrete action items to prevent the spread of the disease, including early screening of flights from Mainland China and the tracking of individual cases.[9][10]
From March 2020 to October 2022, Taiwan imposed various restrictions and quarantine requirements on people entering the country from abroad. Starting on 19 March 2020, foreign nationals were barred from entering Taiwan with some exceptions such as those carrying out the remainder of business contracts and those holding valid Alien Resident Certificates, diplomatic credentials, or other official documentation and special permits.[11] Later in 2020, restrictions were relaxed for foreign university students and those seeking medical treatment in Taiwan, subject to prior government approval.[12][13] All foreigners who were admitted into the country were required complete a fourteen-day quarantine upon arrival, except for business travelers from countries determined to be at low or moderate risk, who were instead subject to five- or seven-day quarantines and must submit to a COVID-19 test.[14][15] In response to the worldwide spike in cases in October and November 2020, Taiwan announced that all travelers to and transiting through Taiwan, regardless of nationality, origin, or purpose, must submit a negative COVID-19 test performed within three working days of arrival.[16][17][18][19] Exceptions were granted to travelers responding to family emergencies or arriving from countries where on-demand or self-paid tests are unavailable, but they are required to be seated apart from other passengers and take a self-paid test immediately on arrival in Taiwan.[20] In October 2022, all quarantine requirements were removed.[21]
In 2020, the pandemic had a smaller impact in Taiwan than in most other industrialized countries, with a total of seven deaths.[22][23] The number of active cases in this first wave peaked on 6 April 2020 at 307 cases, the overwhelming majority of which were imported.[24] Taiwan's handling of the outbreak has received international praise for its effectiveness in quarantining people.[10][25] However, an outbreak among Taiwanese crew members of the state-owned China Airlines in late April 2021 led to a sharp surge in cases, mainly in the Greater Taipei area, from mid May. In response, the closure of all schools in the area from kindergarten to high schools was mandated for two weeks, and national borders were closed for at least a month to those without a residence permit, among other measures.[26] In addition to a low testing rate and the recent shortening of the quarantine period for pilots to just three days,[27] Taiwanese medical experts said that they had expected the flare-up due to the emergence of more transmissible variants of the coronavirus (the Alpha variant was found in many of those linked to the China Airlines cluster[27]), combined with the slow progress of Taiwan's vaccination campaign. Critics linked the latter issue to several factors, including Taiwan's strategy of focusing on its own vaccine development and production, making it less ready to quickly buy overseas vaccines once those became available; and hesitation among residents to get vaccinated due to previously low case numbers.[28] Additionally, heavy reporting on rare side effects of the AstraZeneca vaccine was believed to have played a role. Demand for vaccines greatly increased, however, with the surge in cases from May 2021.[29]
Timeline
[edit]As of 19 March 2023[update], there are 10,231,343 confirmed cases in Taiwan, including 18,775 deaths.[33]
2020
[edit]Q1
[edit]
On 21 January, the first case in Taiwan was confirmed in a 50-year-old woman who had just returned to Taoyuan International Airport from her teaching job in Wuhan.[6][34] She self-reported on her own initiative and was hospitalized without formal domestic entry.[34] The first domestic case was diagnosed in Taiwan on 28 January. A man in his 50s was believed to have acquired the disease from his wife, who had traveled to Wuhan and was confirmed before him.[35] Among the first confirmed cases was a Taiwanese man in his 50s who was fined NT$300,000 for failure to report his symptoms and attempting to conceal his subsequent activities, leading to a potential contamination incident at a ballroom in Kaohsiung.[36]
The first death in Taiwan was confirmed on 16 February, involving a man in his 60s who had both Hepatitis B and diabetes. His was the fifth death in the world outside mainland China.[37] A woman in Taiwan was reported to have tested positive for novel coronavirus on 19 February 2020, though she had not traveled outside of Taiwan for two years.[38] Five new cases of COVID-19 were reported in Taiwan on 29 February 2020, four of which marked the first transmission of the disease in a hospital setting.[39] Taiwan's fiftieth case of coronavirus was confirmed on 13 March 2020, an American expatriate who hosted four United States citizens at his home in Taiwan.[40] The next day, three new cases of coronavirus were confirmed to have been imported from Europe.[41] A Taiwanese national aboard the Diamond Princess tested positive on 6 February.[42] As of 19 February, five Taiwanese nationals aboard the ship tested positive.[43] Two Taiwanese who fell ill on the Diamond Princess were discharged from Japanese hospitals in February 2020.[44] The nineteen other Taiwanese passengers on the Diamond Princess were quarantined in Taiwan until 7 March 2020. All tested negative for coronavirus and were released.[45] The index case for coronavirus in Taiwan recovered from the disease and was discharged from the hospital on 6 February 2020.[46] Approximately a week later, a second Taiwanese national, the tenth case of coronavirus, had also recovered.[47] Though community spread within the Taiwanese society did not necessarily break out, a hospital cluster was recorded after case 34. A female patient with diabetes and numerous cardiovascular diseases transmitted the virus to eight people contacted throughout February and March.[48] She later died due to heart failure on 30 March.[49]
On 15 March, Taiwan announced six new cases, all imported. Subsequently, Taiwan's health minister advised people to remain in Taiwan and avoid travel.[50] After discovering the mass imports of foreign cases, on 17 March, the CECC announced that it would trace the contacts of travelers that had arrived from Europe between 3 and 14 March.[51] On 20 March 2020, Taiwan reported 27 new cases, the highest single-day increase.[52] The second death linked to coronavirus in Taiwan was announced on 20 March and involved a man in his 80s who had no recent travel history, but did have hypertension, diabetes and relied on kidney dialysis.[53] The death of a guide who had led tours to Austria and the Czech Republic was reported on 29 March.[54] The next day, two Taiwanese nationals who had traveled to Spain were reported to have died of coronavirus.[55]
Q2
[edit]
A Taiwanese man who had toured Egypt in March died of coronavirus on 9 April.[56] On 18 April 2020, three Republic of China Navy cadets were confirmed to have contracted coronavirus following a military operation in Palau.[57] Other personnel on the ship were confirmed to have contracted the disease as part of the first cluster to affect the Republic of China Armed Forces.[58] As more cases from that cluster were identified,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][excessive citations] President Tsai Ing-wen asked the Ministry of National Defense to investigate the situation.[66] Defense Minister Yen Teh-fa said vice admiral Kao Chia-pin and rear admiral Chen Tao-hui had been removed from their posts as commander of Republic of China Naval Fleet Command and leader of the ROCN's Friendship Fleet, respectively.[67] On 30 April 2020, an employee of the Taipei Representative Office in France was confirmed to have fallen ill with coronavirus, becoming the first Taiwanese diplomat stationed overseas to contract the disease.[68][69]
On 10 May, Taiwan recorded 28 consecutive days or two cycles of the average incubation period of the virus without newly recorded domestic cases.[70] Therefore, the CECC deems the risk of being infected within Taiwan is low.[71] The death of a man who had visited the United States and contracted coronavirus was confirmed on 11 May.[72] On 26 May, Chang Shan-chwen announced an end to the Central Epidemic Command Center's investigation on COVID-19 cases from ROCS Panshih. The ship's index case was likely to have been infected in Taiwan. Though the probe closed without finding a more specific location, it did find that sailors were infected with a Southeast Asian strain present in the Philippines and that infections occurred in four waves, around 10 March 20 March, the beginning of April, and the middle of April.[73] On 30 May, a second member of Taiwan's diplomatic corps was confirmed to have contracted COVID-19 in Honduras.[74]
By 7 June, Taiwan had not reported local cases for over four incubation periods which is 56 days. As a result, Taiwan began lifting pandemic-related restrictions.[75] Starting 10 June, press briefings held by the Central Epidemic Command Center were scheduled weekly.[76] On 12 June, the Ministry of National Defense disclosed further conclusions regarding the ROCS Panshih cluster, attributing the cluster to substandard health testing. Subsequently, Chen Tao-hui and Kao Chia-pin returned to their posts.[77] The patient involved in the longest hospitalization in Taiwan due to COVID-19 spent 75 days in the hospital and was released in mid-June.[78]
On 24 June, the CECC announced that a Japanese university student who had returned to Japan on 20 June had been diagnosed with COVID-19 by Japanese health authorities.[79][80] Analysis of the student's test results led the CECC to conclude that she was a weak positive, although the agency did not rule out the possibility of infection in Taiwan or the potential for a false positive. The case was not added to Taiwan's total, as the student was not tested in Taiwan.[81][82] The CECC confirmed that the student did not spread COVID-19 to others during her stay in Taiwan.[83][84]
Q3
[edit]On 2 July, the Chinese Taipei Basketball Association announced that the 2020 William Jones Cup would not be held due to the pandemic. This was the third cancellation since the competition's founding in 1977. The tournament had been previously canceled in 1989 because of a fire in the host venue and again in 2003, during the SARS outbreak.[85]
Taiwan's annual public air raid drill was held on 14 July, albeit with significant changes. The thirty-minute drills typically require citizens to clear the streets and remain indoors until the drill concludes. On the advice of the CECC, however, the Ministry of National Defense did not restrict the movement of citizens to prevent the formation of crowds, especially in public transit stations.[86]
A case of COVID-19 that possibly originated in Taiwan was found by Thai health authorities on 25 July. A Thai migrant worker who had entered Taiwan on 17 January 2018 and returned to Thailand on 21 July 2020 and had not left Taiwan during that time frame tested positive for the virus while in quarantine. The CECC reported it had learned of the positive result on 27 July and immediately ordered workers who shared a company dormitory with the migrant worker to go into quarantine. By 28 July, the CECC identified 189 contacts to be tested for COVID-19. 18 people were placed in quarantine, including one in full hospital isolation due to having symptoms consistent with COVID-19.[87][88][89] The CECC also tested the contacts for COVID-19 antibodies to see if any of them had contracted and recovered from COVID-19 earlier,[90] but reported on 29 July that no positive cases nor antibodies were found.[91]
On 1 August, another possible domestically transmitted case was identified in a Belgian engineer who had worked in Taiwan for two months before his diagnosis. The CECC has identified 89 contacts to quarantine and test for COVID-19.[92] The CECC has not yet classified the case as imported or domestic because it described the test as a "weak positive" and has received test results for COVID-19 antibodies, suggesting the infection may already have passed. It is now testing his contacts to "more accurately" determine if it is more likely he acquired the infection before or after entering Taiwan.[93] On 4 August, it reported it was testing 441 possible contacts for COVID-19 antibodies.[94]
On 19 August, the CECC announced it was closing the investigations of four cases where COVID-19 had possibly been acquired in Taiwan. Two cases were regarded as solved: that of the Belgian engineer and that of a Vietnamese migrant worker. The CECC said the Belgian engineer had likely contracted the virus in Belgium several weeks before he entered Taiwan and had not been contagious during his stay. The Vietnamese migrant worker had likely been infected in a quarantine facility by his roommates shortly after returning to his home country. The other two cases' origins could not be identified, but tracing and testing of all four cases' contacts in Taiwan failed to detect either active COVID-19 infections or antibodies that indicated past and resolved infections. As such, the CECC regarded the cases as closed.[95]
On 9 August, National Taiwan University announced that the preliminary results of a mass-testing study conducted by its College of Public Health in partnership with the government of Changhua County, located on the west coast of central Taiwan, had found COVID-19 antibodies in four target groups that included recovered patients, their close contacts, people who had been in home isolation or quarantine, and healthcare personnel in Changhua.[96] The CECC said the study might indicate that hidden domestic cases have occurred that may be the source of ten cases whose origins are unknown, but if so, they have not caused large community outbreaks. The study has tested 3,000 people out of a target of 10,000, and further results and analysis will be released on 25 August.[97]
However, the study came under fire from the CECC for discussing preliminary results before they had been peer-reviewed, which intensified when the results were delayed to allow them to be reviewed by six experts. Partial results were released on 27 August, which found COVID-19 antibodies in four out of 4,841 subjects. Full results will be released at a later date, but the study appears to indicate that any incidence of undiagnosed COVID-19 cases in the general Taiwanese population has been very low.[98][99]
Throughout September, the CECC announced that Taiwan had received notifications from Vietnam (2 September),[100] Japan,[101][102] the Philippines,[102] and China[103] that travelers that had recently arrived from Taiwan had tested positive for COVID-19 or its antibodies. Contact tracing and testing revealed no active cases or antibodies from past infections.
On 3 September, a pharmacist in New Taipei City found evidence that masks received from the government's face-mask rationing program, which is supposed to supply domestically made, medical-grade masks, were, in fact, non-medical-grade masks imported from China. The company, identified as Carry Masks, had apparently imported the masks from China, relabeled them as "made in Taiwan" and as medical-grade, and then distributed via the name-based rationing system.[104] The owner of Carry Masks, Lin Ming-chin, admitted the next day in comments to the press that the masks were imported from China. However, he claimed that they were not of an inferior grade and had been imported to meet the excessive demand placed on his company by the government's rationing system, which was denied by multiple government officials. It was also revealed that the government had caught Carry Masks importing masks in March 2020 and had confiscated the masks and fined the company, but did not inform the public at the time. One other company was also under investigation for importing masks.[105]
On 22 September, a Kaohsiung-based manufacturer was accused of adding new production equipment without notifying or gaining approval from the mask rationing program, raising questions on their origin and quality. On 24 September, further arrests were made in Taichung of individuals suspected of also importing non-medical grade masks from China, though these were not distributed via the mask rationing program.
In response to these criminal probes, the government mandated that all masks distributed by the National Health Insurance system would be imprinted with the letters MD for "Medical Device" and MIT for "Made in Taiwan" to help combat mask fraud and assure their quality.[106]
Q4
[edit]On 28 October, the CECC reported that one person had mistakenly been diagnosed with COVID-19 due to a mix-up of test samples taken upon arrival in Taiwan on 11 October. The patient, designated as Case 530, was initially diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized, but a subsequent test showed no trace of the virus, prompting an investigation of all 30 individuals who had arrived at the same time. A DNA test of the sample proved that Case 530's sample had been misidentified for that of another patient, Case 536. Case 536 had mistakenly been allowed to return home for the mandatory 14-day quarantine period but was later correctly tested and diagnosed with COVID-19 on 16 October after developing symptoms. The error was apparently the result of incorrect manual operation of testing equipment, and the CECC implemented stronger "error-proofing mechanisms" to prevent misidentification of test samples and recommended an increase of personnel at ports of entry to prevent fatigue from causing more mistakes.[107][108]
On 29 October, Taiwan reported 200 days without local transmission of the coronavirus, becoming one of the only nations in the world to reach the milestone.[109]
On 9 November, it was announced Taiwan was not invited to an assembly of the World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization, despite the country's success in the COVID-19 pandemic and petitions in support of its inclusion by over 2,000 legislators and diplomats from over seventy countries worldwide. It was stated that mainland China had "obstructed" Taiwan from entering the meeting. However, the 14 countries that recognize Taiwan as a sovereign state may introduce Taiwan's membership for discussion at the meeting.[110][111]
On 18 November, the CECC announced three major measures in response to the arrival of winter, a worldwide rise in cases (which led to active cases, all imported from abroad, tripling from 33 on 1 November to 103 on 30 November), and an expected rise in passenger traffic for several holidays. The measures will take effect from 1 December through 28 February 2021. First, all travelers, regardless of nationality, origin, or purpose for traveling to or transiting through Taiwan, must submit proof of testing negative for COVID-19 within three working days of arrival, with exceptions made for travelers arriving from countries where on-demand or self-paid tests are not available or travelers responding to family emergencies. Such travelers must be seated in a dedicated separate section of the aircraft and take a test immediately on arrival in Taiwan.[20] Second, masks must be worn in high transmission risk areas, namely medical settings, public transportation, markets of any kind, educational institutions, entertainment venues, religious events, public events, and businesses, with the failure to do so subject to fines up to NT$15,000 (US$490). Third, it asked all medical institutions and local governments to step up screening measures for symptoms of COVID-19 in patients, noting that a major goal was to prevent the healthcare system from facing the double burden of seasonal influenza combined with an outbreak of COVID-19, as seen in other countries.[16][17][112]
A spike in imported COVID-19 cases among Indonesian migrant workers began on approximately 27 November but extended into December, prompting the CECC to suspend all migrant workers arriving from Indonesia from 4–17 December.[113] Taiwan also banned eight Indonesian manpower agencies from operating in the country due to a large number of infected personnel they had sent to Taiwan.[114] After bilateral talks between the two nations, Indonesia's Agency for the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers announced that it would investigate manpower agencies to help ensure none were negligent in observing health measures.[115]
On 16 December, the CECC announced it was "indefinitely" suspending the entry of Indonesian migrant workers.[116]
Two migrant workers were diagnosed after they had been released from quarantine and had shared a crowded open dormitory. There was a possibility that one had infected the other at that time, but the CECC announced it had determined that both workers were infected prior to arrival in Taiwan. However, in response to the risks posed by open dormitories, which are commonly used to house migrant workers across Taiwan while waiting to complete mandatory health checks unrelated to COVID-19, it issued new regulations requiring migrant workers to either stay in individual rooms or in dormitories with social distancing and sanitization measures for at least seven days after being released from quarantine.[117] In addition, all migrant workers, with the exception of those originating in Malaysia, will be tested for COVID-19 at the end of their 14-day quarantine, with the cost of the test itself covered by the CECC and transportation costs to be covered by employers and labor brokers.[118]
On 22 December, a contact of a New Zealand pilot working for EVA Air who flew into Taiwan on 4 December was diagnosed with COVID-19, marking the first local transmission since April 2020. Local authorities stated they would fine the man NTD$300,000 (US$10,563) for not recording all the contacts and places he had visited and not wearing a face mask.[119][120]
2021
[edit]Q1
[edit]On 1 January 2021, new, stricter quarantine rules went into effect. Foreign flight crew were required to quarantine for seven days, and all entries must quarantine alone. Transit passengers are banned, as are most foreign entries.[121]
A domestic infection cluster was identified beginning 11 January at a hospital in northern Taiwan. Taiwanese media reported on 12 January that a mass evacuation of patients had begun and that the hospital had told local first responders to take emergency patients elsewhere.[122] Later that day, the CECC confirmed that a doctor involved in treating COVID-19 patients had contracted the virus, making him the first medical professional in Taiwan to become infected in the course of their duties. At that time it was reported he had also infected his girlfriend, a nurse at the same hospital who did not treat COVID-19 patients.[123]
On 16 and 17 January, another nurse and doctor, respectively, at the same hospital were confirmed to be infected. They had come into contact with the first doctor. All the new cases' movements have been documented and publicized, with some sites around Taoyuan City undergoing disinfection after cases were confirmed to have visited them.[124]
Health and Welfare Minister and head of the CECC, Chen Shih-chung, was criticized for not naming the hospital in question, which he explained was out of concern of possible ostracization of hospital staff and patients. Depending on the level of contact with the infected doctors and nurses, their families, coworkers, and patients have been told whether to quarantine at home, monitor their own health, or continue as normal, and those with closest contact have been tested, some multiple times. As of 14 January, it was not deemed necessary to identify the hospital.[125] However, on 18 January, he accidentally revealed to a reporter that the outbreak was occurring at Taoyuan General Hospital, and it has been generally acknowledged as such in the press since.[126]
As of 23 January the cluster had expanded to thirteen people involving 2 doctors, 4 nurses (plus three of their family members), 1 caregiver, and 1 patient (plus two of his family members). 967 people had been identified by contact tracing as possibly exposed to the virus and placed in quarantine.[127]
The cluster has prompted several cities, organizations, and event planners to cancel or postpone various celebrations for the upcoming Lunar New Year and Lantern Festival, and the Taiwan Railway Administration announced several measures to help curb potential spread during the high traffic volumes typically seen during the holidays, including partitions in food court areas and more infrared temperature sensors to bolster those already in place at station entrances.[128][129][130]
On 24 January, two more cases in the hospital cluster were identified, bringing the total to fifteen. However, neither had contact with the other cases during their treatment, and the circumstances of their infection remain unknown.[131] In response, all inpatients present at Taoyuan General Hospital between 6 and 19 January, plus their close contacts, were required to go into 14-day quarantine. If fourteen days had already elapsed as of 24 January, they are required to adhere to self-health management protocols for seven days, such as recording their body temperature twice a day and avoiding all unnecessary travel.[132]
On 30 January, four more cases related to the cluster were diagnosed, bringing the total to nineteen, and among them was Taiwan's eighth death since the pandemic began, a relative of one of the infected nurses who was in her 80s and had diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems. As a close contact of a confirmed case, she had been in home isolation since 18 January.[133] She developed COVID-19 symptoms on 28 January and was diagnosed shortly before she died the night of 29 January. She was Taiwan's first COVID-19-related death since 11 May 2020.[134] Two of the other cases were also relatives of the nurse. The fourth domestic case was a man who visited his mother while she was being treated at another hospital in the Taoyuan area. He came into contact with an infected person who had been treated at Taoyuan General Hospital and was seeking medical attention again at another location.[135]
On 4 February, the CECC announced the death of the ninth person with COVID-19 in Taiwan the night before on 3 February. The deceased was a British national in his 70s who had come to visit family, developed symptoms in quarantine, and was admitted to a hospital on 29 December. He eventually developed several complications and died due in part to his age and cardiovascular disease. He was the first foreign national to die of COVID-19 in Taiwan.[136]
On 5 and 9 February two more domestic cases were identified, both of whom were family members of previously diagnosed nurses in the Taoyuan General Hospital cluster. The number of infected in the cluster stood at twenty-one as of 9 February. However, since the new cases had already been identified as close contacts of previous cases, they had been in quarantine for several days or weeks before they were diagnosed, and thus presented little risk of spreading the disease further.[137][138]
On 15 February, Health Minister Chen declared that the cluster had been successfully capped at twenty-one cases and one death.[139] Taoyuan General Hospital reopened at reduced capacity on 19 February, and plans were announced to upgrade its COVID-19 wards to specialize in patients in serious condition from the virus, as well as gradually increase admittance to full capacity after several reviews of its readiness.[140]
Q2
[edit]On 23 April, Taiwan confirmed its first locally transmitted case of COVID-19 since 9 February. The patient is the teenage son of an Indonesian airline pilot for China Airlines living in Taiwan. The pilot was diagnosed in Australia after flying a cargo flight from Taiwan and experiencing symptoms, prompting Taiwanese health authorities to begin contact tracing. The pilot may have been infected by a coworker, also a pilot, who was recently in the United States. The three attended a religious service at the Taipei Grand Mosque on 16 April. It is still unclear whether this indicates a cluster infection, as the investigation is on-going.[141] The cluster of infections eventually grew to over 30 cases.[142]
On 24 April, Taiwan reported its twelfth COVID-19-related death. The deceased was a Taiwanese national in his seventies returning from the Philippines. He was staying at a quarantine hospital when he reported having no appetite on 19 April and was given a medical examination which found no other symptoms of COVID-19, so he returned to the hotel. On 21 April he was found in his room by hotel staff with no heartbeat. A post-mortem test revealed he was infected with the virus at the time of his death.[143]
From mid May, Taiwan saw a surge in cases, which had been anticipated by experts due to the combined effect of the emergence of more transmissible variants of the coronavirus, and a low proportion of vaccinated residents (about 1 per cent,[28] or even lower, making it the least vaccinated population in Asia[144]). The low vaccination rate was ascribed to a combination of supply issues with vaccines purchased overseas, and a complacency in the population due to previously low case numbers.[28][144]
As confirmed by the government on 13 May through genetic analysis, the outbreak arose from a cluster of cases among China Airlines pilots that had developed since late April.[145] The pilots had been staying at a hotel at Taoyuan International Airport which, in violation of COVID-19 rules, had also housed non-quarantine guests.[29] The hotel was evacuated from 29 April and sterilized.[146] The cluster eventually grew to include at least a dozen pilots, several of their family members, at least one flight attendant, and cases at hostess bars in Wanhua District. Reluctance to disclose recent visits to the area proved to be a hindrance in contact tracing.[144][29] Many of the cases were found to belong to the more transmissible Alpha variant of the coronavirus.[27]
Health Minister Chen Shih-chung announced on 10 May that all China Airlines pilots currently in Taiwan, or returning to Taiwan, would be subject to quarantine for 14 days.[147] Seven new local cases were reported on 11 May, and 16 such cases – a record high in the pandemic – on 12 May.[142] President Tsai Ing-wen urged people not to panic.[142] On 14 May, with 29 new community transmission cases reported nationwide, business closures in Taipei and other northern counties were announced by local governments, to take effect the following day. Rapid testing stations were set up in Wanhua District, to which 16 of these cases were linked; this was a first in Taiwan during the pandemic.[148] After 180 new domestic infections were reported on 15 May,[149] the alert level was raised to three in the four-tier system in the Taipei area, which entailed shutting cinemas and entertainment spots, limiting gatherings to five indoors and 10 outdoors, making it mandatory for people to wear masks at all times when outside,[150] and an encouragement by the government to work and study from home. The new restrictions did not affect the high-tech manufacturing hub in Hsinchu County.[151]
On 17 May, 333 new cases were reported, of which 306 originated in the Greater Taipei area. All schools below university level in the area were closed from 18 May until prospectively 28 May. Non-residents and transit passengers were banned from entering Taiwan for a month, with exceptions allowed for humanitarian reasons.[152] Passenger numbers on the Taipei Metro during morning peak hours dropped by over 40 per cent.[153] Taipei Metro operator TRTC halved the disinfection times of stations and trains to two and four hours, respectively.[154]
On 18 May, Chen announced that 37 cases among students from kindergarten to university level had been reported from throughout the country the previous day; the CECC announced that all schools would suspend face-to-face classes until 28 May.[155]
On 19 May, the alert level throughout the country was raised to level three in the four-tier system.[150]
On 3 June, Chen said that while "[t]here's no cause for optimism" regarding the trend of infections, it would be premature to talk about raising the alert level and implementing a full lockdown. He urged citizens to refrain from family related travel for the upcoming Dragon Boat Festival wherever possible.[156]
On 5 and 6 June, the chip testing and packaging company King Yuan Electronics Co (KYEC) shut down its main plant in Miaoli County and resumed its operations afterwards with local staff at lower-than-normal production volumes. Over 2,000 KYEC's overseas workers were placed into 14-day quarantine by the government.[157] A large part of the at least 206 cases up to 7 June had been among foreign workers.[158] Local media raised concerns that the cluster of infections could exacerbate the chip shortage worldwide, which had led to Taiwan's semiconductor industry to operate at maximum capacity.[158]
On 7 June, the nationwide level three alert was extended until 28 June.[159] On 24 June, it was further extended to 12 July.[160]
On 21 June, as new case numbers dropped below 100 for the first time since mid-May, President Tsai said that Taiwan had been "somewhat caught off guard" at the outset of the rise in cases, and that a "thorough review" of the epidemic prevention system should be carried out after the pandemic was over. The opposition had sharply criticized Tsai's government for what it considered a lack of preparedness.[161]
On 26 June, Health Minister Chen Shih-chung said that six people in Pingtung County had been confirmed as having the Delta variant, among which one case had been classified as domestically transmitted. It was suspected that two of the cases had become infected in Peru, from where they had returned.[162] Measures taken by the Pingtung County Government included a lockdown of Fenggang and Shanyu villages in Fangshan, Pingtung, ordered by county magistrate Pan Men-an, before test results were announced.[163]
Q3
[edit]On 3 July, the CECC announced that the outbreak of the Delta variant in Pingtung County appeared to have been contained, with all contacts having been identified. No cases were reported on that day from that county.[164]
On 17 July, the number of new domestic cases dropped to single digits, with eight new domestic cases, for the first time since 11 May.[165] On 23 July, premier Su Tseng-chang said that, in view of the domestic COVID-19 situation having "gradually stabilized", the alert level would be decreased again to level 2 from 27 July. The relaxed restrictions allow gatherings of up to 50 people indoors and 100 outdoors. Su reminded the public to continue to adhere to pandemic prevention guidance in order to "guard this hard-earned achievement".[166]
Q4
[edit]In the first local case of COVID-19 in more than a month, a female laboratory worker in her 20s at the Academica Sinica research institute tested positive on 9 December. Authorities suspected the source of the infection to be a mouse bite which occurred in November, but said that the case required further investigation. The building where the woman had worked was closed for three days.[167][168] It later emerged that the worker had previously reported an additional bite in October. The investigations found the strain of the virus to be the same as that present elsewhere in the laboratory, suggesting a cross-contamination had led to the infection; a mouse bite as source of the infection was deemed "unlikely".[169]
2022
[edit]After months without domestic transmission, a cluster which started at Taoyuan Airport, the country's main international airport, in January 2022 resulted in an uptick of cases, which included community cases. In response, restrictions were re-tightened in Taoyuan and nearby areas and mandatory outdoor masking was reintroduced nationwide.[170][171]
On 8 April 2022, Taiwan officially replaced its zero COVID-19 policy with the "new Taiwanese model".[172] Health and welfare minister Chen Shih-chung (陳時中) said that an immediate suspension of contract tracing would apply to travelers who tested positive in Taiwan, either on arrival or during quarantine, in order to free up resources to monitor the growing number of domestic cases.[173] He stressed that despite the spike, the number is low compared to other countries such as South Korea, and later added that Taiwan ordered an additional 700,000 courses of Pfizer's Paxlovid beyond the 20,000 that it had placed previously. Mandatory mask wearing is still in place however.[174]
Preventive measures
[edit]
Before first case reported
[edit]On 31 December 2019, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) implemented inspection measures for inbound flights from Wuhan, China in response to reports of an unidentified outbreak.[175] The passengers of all such flights were inspected by health officials before disembarking.[175] Taiwan's Central News Agency reported that Luo Yi-jun, deputy director for Taiwan's Centers for Disease Control, had been reading on PTT in the early hours of New Year's Eve when a thread about an unknown disease causing pneumonia in Wuhan caught his attention. He saw a post including screenshots from a group chat with Li Wenliang. He immediately emailed colleagues and put the country on alert.[176][177]
A six-year-old passenger who arrived in Taiwan on 31 December after transferring in Wuhan and developed a fever was closely monitored by the CDC.[178] At this time, there were 27 reported cases of the new pneumonia in Wuhan.[178]
By 5 January 2020, the Taiwan CDC began monitoring all individuals who had traveled to Wuhan within fourteen days and exhibited a fever or symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. Said people were screened for 26 known pathogens, including SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome; those testing positive were quarantined.[7]
On 20 January, the government deemed the risk posed by the outbreak sufficient to activate the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC).[179][180][181] Originally established as a level 3 government entity,[180] the CECC was promoted to level 1 on 28 February.[182] The CECC has coordinated government responses across areas including logistics for citizens on the Diamond Princess, disinfection of public spaces around schools, and providing briefings with Chen Shih-chung, the Minister of Health and Welfare.[7]
After first case reported
[edit]On 21 January, the same day that Taiwan's CDC reported the first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus in Taiwan, a level 3 travel alert to Wuhan was issued, recommending avoidance of all non-essential travels to the city.[183]
On 26 January, Taiwan suspended all air travel to and from China, and put in place quarantine measures for passengers who flew from China.[184]
On 24 January, the Taiwanese government announced a temporary ban on the export of face masks for one month to secure a supply of masks for its own citizens.[185][186] The ban was extended twice; on 13 February until the end of April,[187] and on 13 April until the end of June.[188] On 6 February, the government instituted a mask rationing system, requiring citizens to present their National Health Insurance card.[189][190] Prior to its implementation, the system was extended to holders of the Alien Resident Certificate, and people with valid entry permits.[191] People with odd-numbered identity documents were permitted to buy masks on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; those with even-numbered identity documents were to buy masks on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays; anyone is allowed to buy masks on Sundays. Adults were allowed to buy two masks each visit and children four, with the restriction that a minimum of seven days must elapse since the last purchase. The date restriction for children under thirteen years of age was revoked on 27 February.[192][193] Starting on 5 March, adults were permitted to buy three masks weekly; the children's quota was raised to five.[194] After 12 March, masks were available for preorder online.[195] In April, the mask rationing system was revised, so that adults could buy nine masks every two weeks. From 9 April, the specific date restrictions are to be removed. In addition, Taiwanese nationals can send 30 masks every two months overseas to first or second-degree relatives.[196][197] Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs assumed responsibility for distribution of masks to families of diplomats.[198]
On 2 February 2020, Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center postponed the opening of primary and secondary schools until 25 February (originally 11 February).[201][202] In early February 2020, Taiwan's "Central Epidemic Command Center" requested the mobilization of the Taiwanese Armed Forces in both containing the spread of the virus and in building up defenses against it. Soldiers were dispatched to the factory floors of major mask manufacturers to help staff the 62 additional mask production lines that were being set up at the time.[203] In early March, Taiwan's average production of surgical face masks reached 9.2 million per day.[204] By the end of March, the daily production of surgical face masks reached 13 million.[199]
The Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation and the Taiwan Sugar Corporation increased production of 75 per cent alcohol for use in sanitation.[205] On 25 February 2020, the Heping Women and Children's Hospital, a branch of the Taipei City Hospital, was specially designated to care for patients with coronavirus.[206] From 4–31 March, the export of digital thermometers was banned.[207][208] On 16 March, the Tsai Ing-wen presidential administration announced that Makalot Industrial and other Taiwanese companies would begin domestic mass production of protective gowns, ending a reliance on American imports from DuPont during the pandemic.[209] A ban on the export of hand sanitizers and other disinfectants was announced on 1 May 2020.[210]
The Special Act for Prevention, Relief and Revitalization Measures for COVID-19 was passed by the Legislative Yuan on 25 February 2020,[211] followed by a special budget for coronavirus expenses on 13 March 2020.[212] The special budget was raised by an amendment passed on 21 April.[213]
As of 14 March, persons returning to Taiwan from most of Europe, plus persons who have transferred through China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Dubai, must quarantine in-home for 14 days.[214] As of 17 March, foreign nationals permitted in the country, namely, those who hold Alien Resident Certificates or who are on urgent diplomatic, business or other special missions, can rent a room in a public quarantine center.[215] On 20 March, the CECC has raised global travel notice to level 3; Taiwanese citizens are advised to avoid all nonessential travel.[216] On 31 March, transportation and communications minister Lin Chia-lung announced that all passengers on trains and intercity buses were required to wear masks, as were people at highway rest stops. The Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation installed thermal cameras at entrances to all twelve high speed rail stations. The Taiwan Railways Administration did the same for every one of its 239 stations.[217] The CECC said on 3 April that passengers who refuse to wear masks after being asked to do so would be assessed a fine of NT$3,000 to NT$15,000, as stipulated by the Communicable Disease Control Act (傳染病防治法).[218]
Travel notices and border control
[edit]Due to the coronavirus outbreak, Level 3 travel alerts have been issued by Taiwan for every country or region globally.[219] Taiwanese authorities suspended tours to China starting in February 2020.[220] The ban's duration was extended through April 2020,[221] and expanded to cover Hong Kong and Macau.[222] On 31 January, Italy banned flights from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.[223][224] However, China Airlines was permitted to fly Taiwanese nationals in Italy to Taiwan.[225][226]
Taiwan announced a ban on cruise ships entering all Taiwanese ports from 6 February.[227]
On 10 February, the Philippines announced a ban on the entry of Taiwanese citizens due to the One-China Policy.[228] Later on 14 February, Presidential Spokesperson of Philippines, Salvador Panelo, announced the lifting of the temporary ban on Taiwan.[229]
On 23 February 2020, Taiwan banned frontline medical professionals working in hospitals from traveling to areas placed under a Level 3 travel alert.[230][231] The ban is to remain in place until 30 June.[232] On 16 March, the Executive Yuan announced that teachers and students at the secondary school level and below were prohibited from overseas travel until July.[233]
Effective 19 March, foreign nationals were barred from entering Taiwan, with some exceptions, such as those carrying out the term of a business contract, holding valid Alien Resident Certificates, diplomatic credentials, or other official documentation and special permits.[11] From 22 June, business travelers that remained within New Zealand, Australia, Macau, Palau, Fiji, Brunei, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Thailand, Mongolia, and Bhutan for fourteen days and planned to stay in Taiwan for less than three months were allowed to enter the country alongside a five-day mandatory quarantine instead of fourteen days.[234] Starting on 25 June, passengers on China Airlines, EVA Air, and Cathay Pacific were permitted to transit through Taoyuan International Airport if they were connecting to another flight operated by the same airline, and their total stopover time was less than eight hours.[235]
On 8 July, the Ministry of Education announced that international students from eighteen countries, based on relative levels of COVID-19 infections, would be allowed to reenter Taiwan after their universities secured a permit on their behalf. Students from the selected countries of any year of study could qualify.[236] On 22 July, the CECC announced it would further relax border control by allowing all international students in their final year of study at Taiwanese universities to return to complete their degrees. Accommodations for non-citizens seeking medical care in Taiwan were announced at the same time. Stipulations applied to both groups, including obtaining government permission beforehand and a mandatory 14-day quarantine in private or government facilities at the cost of the individual. International students and their universities may apply to return immediately; visitors seeking medical treatment may apply beginning 1 August.[237][238]
On 18 November, the CECC announced that from 1 December 2020 to 28 February 2021, all travelers arriving in or transiting through Taiwan must provide proof of testing negative for COVID-19 within three working days of arrival. This will apply to all persons regardless of nationality, origin, or purpose for entering the country.[16][17][239]
| Levels | Suggestions | Included countries/regions[240] |
|---|---|---|
| Level 1: Watch | Follow local prevention measures Self quarantine for 14 days required upon arrival |
None |
| Level 2: Alert | Further protective measures Self quarantine for 14 days required upon arrival |
None |
| Level 3: Warning | Avoid all nonessential travels Self quarantine for 14 days required upon arrival |
Global |
Face mask policy
[edit]
On 24 January 2020, the Taiwanese government announced a ban on the export of face masks in anticipation of an increase in demand globally with the spread of the virus.[241][242][186] (Incidents of face-mask confiscation by a government occurred in mainland China, the world's top face-mask manufacturer.[243][244])
In early February 2020, the Executive Yuan adopted the recommendations of professors Huang Li-min (黃立民) and Chang Shang-chwen from National Taiwan University Medical School and announced that healthy people do not need to wear masks in open spaces. On 8 February 2020, Chen Shih-chung, commander of the Central Epidemic Prevention Center, announced that it was no longer required to wear a mask on public transportation.[245] This caused backlash, and opponents argued that public transportation such as buses and MRT carriages are confined spaces, and viruses are transmitted more easily there than in open spaces.[246]
In early April 2020, Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen announced the donation of 10 million masks to several countries heavily impacted by the coronavirus pandemic.[247] In response to the donation, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen wrote in a tweet that the European Union "really appreciate[d] this gesture of solidarity."[248] The U.S. National Security Council also wrote a tweet thanking Taiwan's willingness to "support and collaborate" with the U.S.[249] In a press conference on 1 April 2020, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Hua Chunying responded to questions about the mask donations, advising anyone in Taiwan who would seek to politicize the pandemic to "think twice and act prudently."[250]
In mid-May 2021, after a consistent rise in cases over a two-week period, the Taiwanese government ordered all civilians must wear a mask when in any public space, including outdoors. Anyone found out of compliance with the mask policy would be subject to a fine of 3,000 to 15,000 NTD.[251] In the third week of May, the government tightened requirements and announced masks must also be worn inside automobiles whenever there were two or more occupants inside the vehicle; however, individuals driving alone were not required to wear a mask.[252]
From 19 May 2024, the face mask mandate will be lifted.[253]
Vaccinations
[edit]Taiwan has ordered 10 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine, 5 million doses of the Moderna vaccine, and 5 million doses through COVAX (of which 1.3 million are AstraZeneca vaccines).[254][255] Two domestic vaccines by Medigen Vaccine Biologics and United Biomedical are expected by July 2021.[256] A deal to purchase 5 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was blocked by the Chinese company Fosun Pharma; a deal directly negotiated between Pfizer-BioNTech and TSMC and Foxconn will reportedly deliver 9 million vaccines by the end of 2021, and a deal negotiated by Buddhist organization Tzu Chi for 5 million vaccines was reportedly signed.[257][258][259][260][261] Taiwan has a law prohibiting the import of Chinese-manufactured vaccines for human use,[262] and has accused China of blocking access to non-Chinese vaccines.[263] China offered to directly vaccinate any resident prepared to fly to China for a jab.[264]
On 3 March 2021, the first shipment of 117,000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccines arrived, with expiry date 15 June.[265] It cleared regulatory approval on 18 March 2021 under an expedited process.[266][267] On 4 April, the first shipment of vaccines through the COVAX program arrived, consisting of about 200,000 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine with expiry date 31 May.[268] On 5 May, the Moderna vaccine received authorization for emergency use, in anticipation of delivery of its first batch.[269] On 19 May, a delivery of 400,000 AstraZeneca vaccines through COVAX was made.[270] One 28 May, a delivery of 150,000 Moderna vaccines directly ordered by the government was made.[271]
Taiwan's national immunization campaign aims to vaccinate 15 million people, or 64% of the population, in ten categories. Since the virus is not in free circulation among the populace, hospital and quarantine-center personnel will be the first to be vaccinated.[272][273] When asked if top political leaders would be among the first to receive the vaccine, Health Minister Chen said that if there was widespread reluctance to receive the vaccine, President Tsai, Premier Su and Chen himself would be willing to demonstrate its safety, but will otherwise adhere to the current plan.[274] Chen and Su received their first doses on 22 March 2021.[275]
On 4 June 2021, Japan donated 1.24 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine to Taiwan to help the island following a rise in cases.[276][277] On 6 June 2021, the United States announced that it will donate 750,000 COVID-19 vaccine doses to Taiwan.[278] The foreign ministry of China objected to the Japanese and American donations as "political shows", and accused the donors of violating China's sovereignty over Taiwan.[264] A second batch of 240,000 Moderna vaccines arrived on 18 June.[279] A shipment of 2.5 million Moderna vaccines donated by the U.S. government arrived on 20 June, an increase from the 750,000 doses announced earlier.[280] A third shipment of 410,000 doses of the Moderna vaccine arrived on 30 June.[281]
A shipment of 620,000 AstraZeneca vaccines were delivered on 7 July, while Japan donated another 1.1 million AstraZeneca vaccines, delivered 8 July.[282] A third batch of 970,000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccines donated by Japan, as well as 560,000 doses of previously ordered AstraZeneca and 350,000 Moderna vaccines arrived on 15 July.[283]
As of 13 November 2022[update], 63,837,358 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Taiwan. 93.9% of the population has received at least one dose, while 88.4% have received at least two, while 74% have received at least three, while 16.5% have received at least four, while 0.8% have received all five.[284]
Statistics
[edit]Cumulative number of cases, recoveries and deaths
[edit] | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
New cases per day
[edit]Revised data is used due to data backfilling resulted from testing backlog.[285]
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Deaths per day
[edit] | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Locally-transmitted cases by area
[edit] | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Cases by source
[edit] | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Economic impact
[edit]Amid Taiwan's success in avoiding a mass lockdown that could have devastated the economy, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasted Taiwan's 2020 annual gross domestic product (GDP) with a decline of 4%, lower than 6% average decline of most developed economies.[286] Private analysts predict a contraction of just 1.2% of the GDP while the government remains optimistic of a growth of 1.92%.[287]
In an effort to mitigate the economic impact of this pandemic, the Executive Yuan proposed a stimulus package worth NT$60 billion (US$2 billion).[288] On 25 February, the Legislative Yuan passed the stimulus package and Special Act for Prevention, Relief and Revitalization Measures for COVID-19.[289][290] The Ministry of Economic Affairs had also introduced stimulus coupons to encourage citizens to buy commodities.[291] Taiwan Capitalization Weighted Stock Index had decreased over 13.1% due to the coronavirus as of 12 March. Foreign investors have sold over NT$200 billion.[292] Therefore, National Stabilization Fund decided on 19 March that it is essential to intervene in the stock market.[293] On 3 April, Premier Su Tseng-chang announced an expansion of the stimulus package to NT$1.05 trillion.[294]
On 30 April, Taiwan published its GDP in the first quarter of 2020 which saw a growth of 1.52% year-on-year despite decreasing exports.[295][296] In 31 July, the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics publicize Taiwan's second quarter's GDP which contracted by 0.58%. (Preliminary GDP growth was 0.73%)[297] But as the nation furtherly controlled the epidemic, the economy has begun to revive. After reporting a preliminary 3.33% growth in the Q3 GDP, the DGBAS furtherly finalized the GDP growth for the 3rd quarter which saw a steep increase to a 3.92% growth.[298] Moreover, in late January 2021, the statistic bureau had published a preliminary forecast of 4.94% growth in Q4, marking the fastest growth by a single quarter since Q1 of 2011.[299] Later, the DGBAS adjusted the preliminary estimates, increasing to 5.09% in Q4 and overall growth of 3.11% in 2020.[300]
Economic stimulus vouchers with a range of monetary values were made available in mid-July to Taiwanese citizens and foreign residents with a Taiwanese spouse. Vouchers were available via purchase and via special lotteries. They are targeted at specific industries, such as agriculture and tourism, and are set to expire on 31 December to help boost the sectors most affected by the pandemic.[301]
| Variable | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number Unemployed (thousands)[302] | 446 | 446 | 451 | 490 | 494 | 472 | 466 | 458 | 452 | 450 | 450 | 448 |
| Unemployment Rate (%) [302] | 3.72% | 3.72% | 3.77% | 4.10% | 4.13% | 3.95% | 3.89% | 3.83% | 3.78% | 3.76% | 3.76% | 3.75% |
| Inflation Rate % (CPI-All) [303] | 3.28% | 2.17% | 1.71% | 1.51% | 1.4% | 2.21% | 2.34% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.75% | 2.69% | 2.71% |
| Industry and Service Sector Regular Earnings (TWD) [304] | 42,394 | 42,249 | 42,209 | 42,201 | 42,026 | 42,226 | 42,380 | 42,521 | 42,635 | 42,651 | 42,657 | 42,865 |
Aviation and tourism
[edit]In the aviation industry, Taiwanese carrier China Airlines's direct flights to Rome have first been rejected and cancelled since Italy has announced the ban on Taiwanese flights.[305] The second-largest Taiwanese airline, EVA Air, has also postponed the launch of Milan and Phuket flights.[306] Both Taiwanese airlines have cut numerous cross-strait destinations, leaving just three Chinese cities still served.[307] As global cases emerge, air demands for traveling have been decreasing, leaving the country's largest airport, Taoyuan International Airport, with just 669 passengers arriving or departing without any passenger in Terminal 1 at the lowest point.[308] This led to a reconsideration of reducing the number of boarding gates to 18.[309] On 13 May, EVA Air reported a net loss of NT$1.2 billion because of low demand caused by the pandemic.[310] Starlux Airlines, a start-up airline that launched its first flights on 23 January 2020, shut down most of its routes only a month after its launch.[311]
Subsequent to the ease of COVID-19 in Taiwan, domestic tourism has substantially increased especially in Penghu.[312] As a result, Penghu has been overwhelmed by the barrage of visitors. Therefore, the local government has considered to charge each traveler traveling fees to maintain the quality of local tourism,[313] although this charge has not eventuated as of the beginning of September 2020.[314]
Sports
[edit]On 12 April, the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) resumed its 2020 regular-season play before empty stadiums. The league quickly hired English announcers as this proved to be the only professional baseball season being played in the world. James Lin, a representative of CPBL's international affairs division, said, "It shows that it's possible to contain the situation, and to return to some semblance of normality."[315] To protect player health, the league banned the consumption of sunflower seeds and dipping tobacco, as the use of those products requires spitting.[316] Starting 8 May, a maximum of 1,000 fans were permitted to attend games.[317][318] However, concession stands at ballparks remained closed, and spectators were not allowed to bring their own food.[319] From 15 May, 2,000 spectators were allowed into ballparks, and the league began providing fans with lunchboxes, as the ban on outside food remained in effect.[320] Starting on 7 June, stadiums admitted fans to half capacity.[321]
Evacuations related to the pandemic
[edit]| Departure date | Evacuees | Departure airport | Arrival airport | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 February 2020 |  247
|
Wuhan Tianhe International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | Charter flight operated by China Eastern Airlines.[322] |
| 21 February 2020 | 19
|
Haneda International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | Evacuated Diamond Princess passengers.[323] |
| 24 February 2020 | 2
|
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | A child with hemophilia and his mother did not board the 3 February evacuation flight from Wuhan. Instead, they traveled from Jingmen to Chengdu to board a flight operated by EVA Air. The EVA Air flight departed Chengdu on 24 February, and arrived in Taoyuan later that day.[324][325] |
| 2 March 2020 | 11
|
Istanbul Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | After an Israeli passenger on another Turkish Airlines flight tested positive, the airline ran a special flight to take a Taiwanese tour group on the same flight as the confirmed case home.[326] |
| 10, 11 March 2020 | 361
|
Wuhan Tianhe International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | After some conflict between the Chinese and Taiwanese governments, two flights, one operated by China Airlines with 169 evacuees and another by China Eastern Airlines carrying 192, arrived around 23:00 on 10 March and 4:00 on 11 March respectively.[327] |
| 29, 30 March 2020 | 367
|
Shanghai Pudong International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | A flight operated by China Airlines evacuated 153 Taiwanese nationals from Shanghai on 29 March.[328] An additional 214 evacuees were flown to Taiwan on 30 March.[329] |
| 29 March 2020 | 55 29  34 14 7
|
Cusco International Airport Lima International Airport |
Miami International Airport | The flight, chartered by LATAM Airlines, departed from Cusco, a southeastern city in Peru, with 38 Taiwanese on board, then flew to the capital, Lima, to pick up an additional 17 Taiwanese nationals. Another 84 passengers of four different nationalities—Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, and the U.S.–boarded the aircraft, bringing the total number of passengers to 139. The flight landed in Miami and all passengers were permitted to stay in the city or continue to their own country.[330][331] |
| 18 April 2020 | 60
|
Dubai International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | An Emirates flight departed Dubai on 18 April, carrying 60 Taiwanese passengers, and arrived in Taiwan on the same day.[332][333] |
| 20, 21 April 2020 | 460
|
Shanghai Pudong International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | On 20 April, a chartered China Airlines flight departed Shanghai with 231 Taiwanese passengers aboard.[334] The next day, another chartered flight operated by the same airline evacuated another 229 Taiwanese nationals.[335] |
| 29 April 2020 | 11
|
Tokyo Narita International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | The Japanese government chartered Saudia Airlines Flight SV3555 to evacuate its own citizens from King Khalid International Airport to Tokyo Narita International Airport.[336][337] The 11 Taiwanese on that flight then flew back to Taiwan on another aircraft.[338] |
| 29 April 2020 | ~30
|
Taoyuan International Airport | Approximately 30 Taiwanese nationals were flown from India to South Korea on 28 April, and subsequently arrived in Taiwan the next day.[339] | |
| 4 May 2020 | 114  15
|
Indira Gandhi International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | A chartered China Airlines flight departed Delhi on 4 May and arrived in Taiwan the next day, carrying 114 Taiwanese nationals and 15 foreign nationals based in Taiwan.[340][341] Of the 129 passengers on the flight, 28 traveled to Delhi from Bangladesh.[342] |
| 16 May 2020 | 36
|
Kuala Lumpur International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | A chartered AirAsia flight departed Malé for Kuala Lumpur, carrying 36 Taiwanese passengers. They subsequently boarded China Airlines Flight 722 from Kuala Lumpur to Taoyuan.[343] |
| 26 May 2020 | 94  2
|
Tokyo Narita International Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | A chartered Japan Airlines flight departed Moscow for Tokyo on 25 May, carrying 94 Taiwanese passengers, two Russian nationals, and 47 Japanese citizens. The 94 Taiwanese and two Russians boarded a second flight from Tokyo to Taoyuan the next day.[344][345] |
| 26 May 2020 |  165
|
Taoyuan International Airport | Suvarnabhumi Airport | Thai Smile Airways Flight WE 8095 departed Taiwan and arrived in Thailand on 26 May with 165 Thai passengers aboard.[346][347] |
| 29 May 2020 |  344
|
Taoyuan International Airport | Tan Son Nhat International Airport | On 29 May, a chartered Vietnam Airlines flight arrived in Taiwan with some Taiwanese passengers and Vietnamese expatriates based in Taiwan aboard. The flight returned to Ho Chi Minh City later that day, with 344 Vietnamese nationals on board.[348][349] |
| 7 June 2020 | 118
|
Warsaw Chopin Airport | Taoyuan International Airport | On 7 June, a chartered LOT Polish Airlines flight arrived in Taoyuan from Warsaw with 118 Taiwanese nationals aboard.[350][351] The flight, arranged by Lin's International Consulting Co., Ltd., was the first direct flight flown between Poland and Taiwan.[352][353] |
| 7 July 2020 | 240
|
Taoyuan International Airport | Tan Son Nhat International Airport | On 7 July, a chartered VietJet Air flight arrived in Taiwan with 70 Taiwanese passengers and their families aboard. The flight returned to Ho Chi Minh City later that day, with 240 Vietnamese nationals on board.[354] |
Domestic response
[edit]In an opinion poll conducted by Taiwan's TVBS published on 26 March 2020, health minister Chen Shih-chung received an approval rating of 91%, much higher than any other Taiwanese politician, including Tsai Ing-wen.[355] Taiwanese are particularly reassured by Chen's swift response, timely orders and candid communication style.[356] In the same TVBS poll, 84% of respondents approved of COVID-19 measures taken by the Tsai administration.[355] In another poll conducted by the Taiwanese Public Opinion Foundation after the government's inauguration of the second term shows a 71% approval rate of Tsai Ing-wen's handling of national affairs, 69% faithfulness of the DPP government, and 55% satisfactory of the government's financial relief measures.[357]
International responses
[edit]Taiwan's early deployment of epidemic control measures and follow-up actions have received international praise and approval.[358] On 13 March 2020, the Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs arranged for the Minister of Health, Chen Shih-chung, to have a meeting with envoys and representatives from various countries, and the epidemic prevention methods were affirmed.[359] Taiwan donated a total of 10 million masks with 7 million masks to Europe (Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Belgium, Netherland, Luxembourg, Czechia, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland), 2 million to United States, and 1 million to diplomatic allies on 1 April 2020.[360][361]
Australia
[edit]In an interview, medical researcher Ih-Jen Su told Australian media not to trust the accuracy of data from China or the World Health Organization (WHO).[362] He told them that data from WHO lagged behind the real situation.[363][364]
Canada
[edit]The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) pointed out several measures that Taiwan has taken to prevent community spread of the coronavirus, emphasizing that Taiwan has used lessons learned during the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak to combat the coronavirus pandemic.[365] On 8 May, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau thanked Taiwan for its donation of 500,000 masks after his foreign minister, François-Philippe Champagne, refused to do so.[366]
Czech Republic
[edit]After Prague established sister city ties with the capital city of Taiwan, Taipei, on 13 January 2020, Shanghai announced an end to its relationship with Prague.[367] Later in April, Prague Mayor Zdeněk Hřib, a physician who interned at a hospital at Taipei as a student, criticized the Chinese government for "manipulating the pandemic": specifically, seizing a business opportunity to sell medical equipment to the Czech Republic instead of donating.[368] In addition, several countries including the Czech Republic had returned test kits and ventilators sold by the Chinese authorities after discovering that they were unusable.[369]
Denmark
[edit]Former Prime Minister of Denmark, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, wrote an article for Time in favor of Taiwanese participation within international organizations such as the World Health Organization in an effort to prevent future deaths. He has compared preventive actions taken by the Taiwanese government vis-à-vis other countries, and expressed the belief that other nations should have implemented such measures.[370]
Germany
[edit]German politician Sandra Bubendorfer-Licht described the Taiwanese response to the virus as outstanding.[371]
Japan
[edit]On 10 March, the Japanese news site Foresight published an article by a freelance journalist familiar with Taiwan affairs, Nojima, analyzing Taiwan's policy decisions regarding the epidemic.[372] Japanese media also carried out long reports on Chen Shih-chung, Audrey Tang, with Tang receiving the most attention in Japan.[373]
People's Republic of China
[edit]False reports of the outbreak spreading out of control in Southern Taiwan from PRC netizens began in early January 2020.[374] When outbreaks did begin occurring in Taiwan security officials accused China of aggregating negative media coverage and then repackaging it before distributing them using State media and new media. Security officials claim that Chinese officials seek to create a false narrative and undermine faith in Taiwan's government.[375]
New Zealand
[edit]On 15 March, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said New Zealand would follow Taiwan's example in their strategy to fight the epidemic.[376] Several news outlets in New Zealand have also mentioned what Taiwan has done to prevent the coronavirus.[377][378] TVNZ1 also reported Taiwan in the Saturday 6 pm Headline.[379] New Zealand Foreign Minister Winston Peters voiced support for Taiwan's participation in the World Health Assembly on 12 May despite China's protest.[380] Commentaries have praised Taiwan as the de facto inspiration and role model behind New Zealand's success.[381]
South Korea
[edit]During late February, when South Korea was suffering from its own domestic outbreak, supplies of masks were running out. The South Korean media started to emphasize Taiwan's masks policies, including ban on masks exports and masks selling policies, while criticizing the South Korean government for being too slow to react.[382][383]
United States
[edit]U.S. newspapers and magazines have suggested Taiwan and other Asian nations have done a better job at combating the coronavirus than the U.S.,[384][385] and mentioned how Taiwan has banned the export of masks and boosted mask production.[386] On 28 May, Guam announced to allow South Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese tourists to enter the American territory without mandatory quarantine starting from 1 July.[387] However, on 26 June, the reopening of tourism in Guam has been pushed back 30 days.[388]
International status
[edit]International Civil Aviation Organization
[edit]The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized civil aviation agency of the United Nations, rejected Taiwan's participation amid the novel coronavirus outbreak, which impacted Taiwan's ability to gather relevant information from said international organization. The Republic of China was the founding member of the ICAO until 1971, when its membership was transferred to the PRC despite losing much of its territory in the late stages of the Chinese Civil War.[citation needed]
In response to public inquiry regarding the organization's decision on Twitter, ICAO commented that their action is intended to "defend the integrity of the information".[389] The United Nations Secretary General described these inquiries as a misinformation campaign targeting ICAO.[390]
World Health Organization (WHO)
[edit]The World Health Organization (WHO) have listed Taiwan as part of China, which resulted in multiple countries including Italy,[391] Vietnam,[392] and the Philippines[393] briefly banning flights from Taiwan in January and February 2020, despite the disease not then having reached epidemic status in Taiwan.[394][395]
Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Research Center hosted an interactive map which initially listed Taiwan under the category "country/region", along with Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. On 10 March, Taiwan's name was switched to "Taipei and environs," a designation used by the World Health Organization. When a news organization reached out, the associate professor in charge of the project claimed they would be changing it back to Taiwan immediately.[396][397] By 12 March, Taiwan was restored to the map, and the university said it would adhere to naming conventions developed by the United States Department of State.[398]
Although Taiwan is excluded from the World Health Organization due to opposition from China, and thus has limited access to shared scientific information and data, the country's response has been lauded in international press.[399][386][400][401] Despite its proximity to China and large human flows, Taiwan has recorded the lowest incidence rate per capita – around 1 in every 500,000 people.[386] Success factors cited have included the fact that the country's vice president, Chen Chien-jen, is an epidemiologist who had obtained a doctoral degree at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health;[401] and the lessons learned from the SARS epidemic in 2003, which had hit Taiwan hard. Infrastructure, including the establishment of a national health command center integrating relevant agencies; data analytics; policies aimed at keeping health care affordable; and extensive educational outreach were put in place following the SARS outbreak.[400][401] Researchers at Stanford Health Policy researcher published an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association arguing that Taiwan's action plan – which included 124 discrete actions and coordination to be implemented in the first instance – including travel bans, quarantines, surveillance steps, social distancing – had saved Taiwan from a serious epidemic.[399]
Allegation of racist abuse of WHO director-general
[edit]On 8 April 2020, Tedros Adhanom, the Director-General of WHO, claimed that he was subjected to racist abuse and death threats emanating from Taiwan. He also claimed that the Taiwanese authorities not only knew about the abuse, but also criticized him rather than disassociate themselves from said racist attacks.[402]
On 9 April, Taiwan demanded an immediate apology from Tedros and called his accusations "imaginary".[402] The Taiwanese media claimed that Taiwan is open and friendly to all races and noted that it has historically given African doctors medical training. An Ethiopian doctor living in Taiwan, interviewed by Taiwan News, claimed that Taiwan is not a racist country.[403][404]
Interview with Bruce Aylward
[edit]On 28 March, Yvonne Tong of the Hong Kong-based news channel The Pulse interviewed Bruce Aylward, assistant director-general of the World Health Organization. In response to a question on whether the WHO would reconsider Taiwan's membership after Taiwan accused China of denying it entry, he asked if he was still on the line, claiming that he did not hear the question, blaming internet connection issues. Tong offered to repeat the question, but was interrupted by Aylward, who suggested she move on. Tong repeated the question, at which point Aylward terminated the call. When Tong called back and asked him to "comment a bit on how Taiwan has done so far," Aylward said he had "already talked about China" and proceeded to end the interview.[405]
Aylward's response was met with outrage and mockery. His biography was subsequently removed from the World Health Organization's website.[406] However, a spokesman for the WHO explained that it was removed after a request from Aylward's staff on 27 March to archive it, because he was being misidentified by media. "The timing was unfortunate as the video interview went viral shortly after this," the spokesman said.[407] As of August 2020, his biography is still included on the WHO website.[408]
Renaming China Airlines
[edit]Taiwan's national carrier China Airlines aided the distribution of face masks and other medical equipment abroad, which led to a reconsideration of a name change, due to worries of confusion in distinguishing itself from China-based carriers.[409] In the Legislative Yuan, Minister of Transportation and Communications Lin Chia-lung expressed his concerns of confusion over the nationality of the country's largest air carrier.[410] Lin acknowledged that shareholders and members of the public would need to approve any new name.[411] Although the monetary cost and possible slot time losses were potential obstacles to the airline's renaming,[412] both Lin and Premier Su Tseng-chang supported the renaming.[413][414] Su and deputy transportation minister Wang Kwo-tsai said that the government would consider adding Taiwan-centric elements to China Airlines aircraft.[414][415] Subsequently, bills were proposed by the Democratic Progressive Party and New Power Party regarding a redesign of aircraft livery.[416] On 22 July 2020, a legislative resolution passed, stating that China Airlines should place Taiwanese motifs on aircraft fuselages, while a formal English-language name change for the airline should be considered by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.[417]
United States
[edit]On 18 March 2020, the American Institute in Taiwan announced that the United States would cooperate with Taiwan on researching and developing vaccines and rapid tests.[418] The United States and Taiwan jointly held an online forum which focused on the participation of Taiwan in the World Health Organization, and how to share the success that Taiwan has achieved throughout the pandemic.[419] Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying criticized this action as political manipulation.[420]
Gallery
[edit]-
President Tsai Ing-wen inspects quarantine at Taoyuan International Airport
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Body temperature checkpoint at National Taiwan Normal University
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National Taiwan University only permitted students and employees on campus
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See also
[edit]- African swine fever virus prevention efforts in Taiwan
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External links
[edit]- 嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎專區 (All about COVID-19) – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (in Chinese)
- 因應武漢肺炎國際分享專區 (COVID-19 Experience Sharing) – Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Chinese)
- COVID-19 防疫關鍵決策網 (Key Decisions against COVID-19) – Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare (in Chinese)
- COVID-19 全球疫情地圖 (COVID-19 Global Pandemic Map) – National Center for High-Performance Computing (in Chinese)
- Wikiversity:COVID-19/All-cause deaths/Taiwan
