霰

霰 U+9730, 霰 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9730 ← 霯 [U+972F] CJK Unified Ideographs 霱 → [U+9731]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

霰 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+12, 20 strokes, cangjie input 一月廿月大 (MBTBK), four-corner 1024₈, composition ⿱雨散)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1378, character 16
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42458
• Dae Jaweon: page 1887, character 33
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4076, character 14
• Unihan data for U+9730

Chinese

trad.		霰
simp. #		霰
alternative forms		䨘 䨷 𩄧 𩆥 𩅤 䨘 䨷 𩄧 𩆥 𩅤 𩃝 𩃂 𩆵

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (散) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
散	*saːnʔ, *saːns
糤	*saːnʔ
繖	*saːnʔ, *saːns
饊	*saːnʔ
鏾	*saːnʔ
潸	*sraːn, *sraːnʔ
霰	*sqʰeːns
撒	*saːd

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014; Schuessler, 2024).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sin³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhen¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sien

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xiên⁴

• Northern Min (KCR): tǐng
• Eastern Min (BUC): siéng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sòaⁿ / siàn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): suan³ / sang³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵shi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
    • Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
    • Yale: syàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: sin³
    • Yale: sin
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sin³
    • Guangdong Romanization: xin³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːn³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lhen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬen³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
    • Hakka Romanization System: xien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /si̯en⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xiên⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /siɛn⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǐng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: siéng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɛŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòaⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: suànn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: svoax
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suã²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /suã⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siàn
    • Tâi-lô: siàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siexn
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɛn²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/

Note:

• sòaⁿ - vernacular;
• siàn - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: suan³ / sang³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: suàⁿ / sàng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sũã²¹³/, /saŋ²¹³/

Note:

• suan3 - vernacular;
• sang3 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵shi
    • MiniDict: shi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²xi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: senH

Rime
Character	霰
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	蘇佃切
Baxter	senH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/senH/
Pan Wuyun	/senH/
Shao Rongfen	/sɛnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sɛnH/
Li Rong	/senH/
Wang Li	/sienH/
Bernard Karlgren	/sienH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sin3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*sˤ[e]r-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰeːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	霰
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ senH ›
Old Chinese	/*sˁ[e]r-s/
English	sleet
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	霰
Reading #	1/1
No.	10976
Phonetic component	散
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	霰
Old Chinese	/*sqʰeːns/

Definitions

霰

1. graupel; hail; sleet

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 霰 (“graupel; granular snow”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		霰
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		霰, 米雪, 雪珠
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	雪珠兒, 雪糝兒
	Chengde	雪糝兒
	Chifeng	雪粒兒
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	雪珠兒
	Heihe	雪珠兒
	Qiqihar	雪珠兒
	Harbin	雪珠兒, 雪糝子
	Jiamusi	雪珠兒
	Changchun	米糝子
	Tonghua	米糝子
	Shenyang	米糝子
	Jinzhou	米糝子雪
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	雪糝兒
	Tangshan	雪疙瘩兒, 衝子
	Cangzhou	雪糝兒
	Baoding	雪糝兒
	Shijiazhuang	雪糝兒
	Lijin	飯巴拉子
	Jinan	飯不拉子
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	雪粒子
	Dandong	米糝子
	Yantai	雪豆兒
	Yantai (Muping)	雪豆兒
	Qingdao	雪疙瘩, 飯不拉
	Zhucheng	雪爽子, 雪瓜子
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	雪疙瘩兒
	Lingbao	料子
	Jining	雪爽兒
	Wanrong	米顆兒雪
	Linfen	米顆雪
	Shangqiu	雪子兒
	Yuanyang	雪珠兒
	Zhengzhou	雪糝兒
	Baihe	雪子兒
	Xi'an	棒棒子雪, 雪糝糝子
	Baoji	糝糝雪
	Tianshui	雪糝子
	Xining	雪糝糝, 雪蛋蛋 larger
	Xuzhou	鹽粒子, 雪爽兒
	Fuyang	鹽子子, 霰
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	雪疙瘩兒, 雪糝子
	Lanzhou	雪糝子, 雪糝糝, 雪疙瘩兒
	Dunhuang	明霜
	Hami	雪疙瘩
	Ürümqi	雪糝子, 雪糝糝子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	雪珠珠兒, 雪顆顆, 雪子子
	Dazhou	乾雪兒
	Hanyuan	雪珠珠
	Xichang	雪珠珠
	Wuhan	雪珠子, 雪子子
	Yichang	雪珠兒
	Xiangyang	雪子兒
	Tianmen	雪子子
	Guiyang	雪米, 凌毛
	Zunyi	雪米米兒, 雪米子兒, 雪子子兒
	Bijie	雪子子
	Liping	碎米雪
	Zhaotong	雪珠
	Dali	雪飛飛
	Kunming	雪脖子
	Guilin	珍珠雪
	Liuzhou	魚眼雪, 雪米, 碎米雪, 雪珠
	Jishou	沙雪
	Changde	雪珠子
	Hanzhong	雪珠子
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	雪珠, 雪珠子, 雪子子
	Yangzhou	雪珠子
	Lianyungang	雪采子
	Lianshui	雪采子
	Nantong	雪珠
	Anqing	雪子兒
	Wuhu	雪子子
	Hefei	鹽豆子, 雪子子
	Hong'an	雪子, 雪子子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	魚眼雪
Gan	Nanchang	雪子哩
	Lichuan	雪子
	Pingxiang	雪子
Hakka	Yudu	米頭雪
Huizhou	Jixi	雪珠, 雪子
	Shexian	雪珠
Jin	Taiyuan	雪圪糝糝
	Yangyuan	雪疙瘩兒, 雪沙兒
	Datong	雪圪糝兒
	Xinzhou	雪圪糝子
	Lüliang (Lishi)	雪圪糝子
	Changzhi	雪圪糝子
	Linhe	雪圪糝糝
	Jining	雪顆顆
	Hohhot	雪珠
	Erenhot	雪珠子
	Pingshan	雪糝兒
	Zhangjiakou	雪片兒
	Handan	的溜子
	Linzhou	零彈兒
	Suide	雪糝子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	霰仔
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	米雪
Southern Min	Xiamen	雪米
Wu	Shanghai	雪珠
	Shanghai (Chongming)	雪珠
	Suzhou	雪珠
	Danyang	雪子子
	Hangzhou	雪珠兒
	Ningbo	雪子
	Wenzhou	雪霰子
	Jinhua	雪子
Xiang	Changsha	雪子子, 雪子
	Loudi	雪沙子, 魚眼珠雪 larger

Compounds

• 凝霰
• 榴霰彈／榴霰弹
• 雪霰
• 雪霰子
• 霰仔
• 霰彈／霰弹 (xiàndàn)

 

Further reading

• “霰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

霰(arare)

Kanji

霰

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: せん (sen)
• Kan-on: せん (sen)
• Kan’yō-on: さん (san)
• Kun: あられ (arare, 霰)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
霰
あられ Hyōgai
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *arare.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) あられ [àráré] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [a̠ɾa̠ɾe̞]

Noun

霰(あられ) • (arare) 

1. hail under five millimeters in diameter
2. diced pieces of food

Synonyms

• (hail): 雹(ひょう) (hyō) (when five millimeters or wider)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 霰 (MC senH). Recorded as Middle Korean 션〯 (syěn) (Yale: syen) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

霰 (eumhun 싸라기눈 산 (ssaraginun san))
霰 (eumhun 싸라기눈 선 (ssaraginun seon))

1. hanja form^? of 산/선 (“hail”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 산탄 (霰彈, santan)
• 산석 (霰石, sanseok)
• 선립종/산립종 (霰粒腫, seollipjong/sallipjong)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]