Shimashki dynasty

Shimashki dynasty
𒈗 𒂊 𒋛 𒈦 𒄀 𒆠 (Sumerian)

Šimaški dynasty
Shimashki dynasty; 𒈗𒂊𒋛𒈦𒄀𒆠 (Sumerian); Šimaški dynasty
Dynasty
	A map of the Near East detailing the geopolitical situation in the region during the Shimashki dynasty c. 2000 BC occupied by various contemporaneous civilizations such as those of the: Mariotes Minoans Elamites Eblaites Egyptians Assyrians Sumerians Amorites Hurrians Dilmunites Adamdun Anshan Awan? Der Eridu Hidali? Hurti? Kimash? Liyan Shimashki? Susa Ur Urua? class=notpageimage\| A clickable map of the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran detailing the locations of various ancient, archaeological sites, settlements, hamlets, villages, towns, and/or cities (and the approximated locations of four lost cities: Urua, Hidali, Hurti, and Kimash; also, the two lost capital cities of the Elamite Empire: Awan and Shimashki) that may have been visited, interacted and traded with, invaded, conquered, destroyed, occupied, colonized by and/or otherwise within the Elamites’ sphere of influence at some point temp. the dynasty of Shimashki.
Parent family	Awan dynasty
Country	Elam
Earlier spellings	lugal-e-ne si-mash-giki
Etymology	Kings of the country of Simashgi
Founded	c. 2220 – c. 2015 BC
Founder	Girnamme (fl. c. 2033 BC); (Unknown, d. c. 2100 BC);
Final ruler	Indattu-Inshushinak II (r. c. 1970 BC)
Final head	Eparti II (m. c. 1973 BC)
Historic seat	Shimashki
Titles	List Sukkalmah; Sukkal; Sukkal of Susa; Sukkal of Elam and Shimashki and Susa; Sukkal and Ippir of Susa; King of Anshan and Susa; King of Simashki; Enlarger of the Empire; Governor of Elam; Prince of Elam; Governor of Susa; Shepherd of the people of Susa; Shepherd of Inshushinak;
Connected families	Sukkalmah dynasty
Dissolution	c. 1980 – c. 1790 BC
Deposition	c. 1980 – c. 1830 BC
	The Elamites remained a major source of tension for the Sumerians, Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Kassites centuries after Kindattu’s victory over Ibbi-Sin from the third dynasty of Ur c. 2004 BC and Kindattu’s subsequent defeat by Ishbi-Erra from the dynasty of Isin c. 2001 BC.

The Shimashki dynasty^[a] was an early dynasty of the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia, (c. 2100 – c. 1900 BC).^[1] A list of twelve kings of Shimashki is found in the Elamite king-list of Susa, which also contains a list of kings of Awan dynasty.^[2] It is uncertain how historically accurate the list is (and whether it reflects a chronological order^[3]), although some of its kings can be corroborated by their appearance in the records of neighboring peoples.^[2] The dynasty corresponds to the second Paleo-Elamite period (dated to c. 2015 – c. 1880 BC). It was followed by the Sukkalmah dynasty. Shimashki was likely near today's Masjed Soleyman.

History

Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2112 BC)

Shimashki is first mentioned on the inscription to an image of Puzur-Inshushinak, king of Awan around 2100 BC, which depicts a Shimashkian king as subordinate to him. A royal inscription recorded "in a single day he made (those lands) fall prostate at his feet; and, when the king of Šimaški came up (on learning about it), he seized the feet of PuzurInšušinak (in submission)".^[4]^[5]

Daryaee suggests that, despite the impression from the king-list that the rulers of Shimashki was a dynasty of sequential rulers, it is perhaps better to think of Shimashki as an alliance of various peoples "rather than a unitary state."^[6]

Ur III period (c. 2112 – c. 2004 BC)

The names in the king-list, as found in Potts, are "Girnamme, Tazitta, Ebarti, Tazitta, Lu[?]-[x-x-x]-lu-uh-ha-an, Kindattu, Idaddu, Tan-Ruhurater, Ebarti, Idaddu, Idaddu-napir, Idaddu-temti, twelve Sumerian kings" (bracketed letters original).^[7] An inscription establishes Idattu I was the son of Kindattu and the grandson of Ebarat (Yabrat/Ebarti) I.^[8]

Girnamme ruled at the same time as Shu-Sin, king of Ur, and was involved, as either a groom or simply a facilitator, in the marriage of Shu-Sin's daughter.^[9] Gwendolyn Leick places this event in 2037 BC.^[9] Girnamme, along with Tazitta and Ebarti I, appears in "Mesopotamian texts establishing food rations issued to messengers," texts from 2044 to 2032 BC.^[4]

Tazitta, the second figure in the list, is referred to in a document from the eighth year of the reign of Amar-Sin of Ur.^[3]

Ebarat I (Old Elamite ia-ab-ra-at), king number 3 in the Shimashki kings list (SKL). He is mentioned in several documents of Third Dynasty of Ur, from year 44 of Šulgi (the earliest) to year 8 of Šu-Sin. Documents show that he ruled at about the same time as Girnamme and at the same time as Tazitta, kings #1 and #2 from the SKL. The inscription on bronze bowl MS 4476 mentions Ebarat (^de-ba-ra-at) as a father of Kindattu and grandfather of Idadu I, kings no 6 and 7 in the SKL. The spelling ia-a-ba-ra-at later became e-ba-ra-at and e-ba-ar-ti reflecting the historic shift of /’a/ to /e/ in Elamite.

The Shimashki confederacy led an alliance against the Ur III Empire, and managed to defeat its last ruler Ibbi-Sin.^[10] After this victory, they destroyed the kingdom, looted the capital of Ur, and ruled through military occupation for the next 21 years.^[10]^[11]

Kindattu was also known as Kindadu.^[12] A Kindattu, who according to Daryaeee was "apparently" the Shimashkian king of the list above, lead the army that destroyed the Third Dynasty of Ur in 2004 BC.^[3] The operation was a joint effort between Kindattu and his then-ally Ishbi-Erra, who defeated Ur and captured Ibbi-Sin, its king.^[4] The Ishbi-Erra hymn claims that Ishbi-Erra later expelled Kindattu from Mesopotamia.^[3]

Isin-Larsa period (c. 2004 to c. 1763 BC)

Idaddu I (also known as Indattu-Inshushinak,^[4] or simply Indattu) called himself "king of Shimashki and Elam".^[4] According to Stolper and André-Salvini, he was the son of Kindattu,^[4] while Gwendolyn Leick calls him "son of Pepi," claiming that Kindattu may have been his grandfather.^[13] According to Leick he ascended to the throne of Shimashki around 1970 BC.^[13]

Tan-Ruhurater, also known as Tan-Ruhuratir, formed an alliance with Bilalama, the governor of Eshnunna, by marrying Bilama's daughter Mê-Kubi.^[14]^[15]

Ebarti II of Shimashki may have been the same individual known as Ebarat, a Sukkalmah, or "Grand Regent".^[16] If so, he was ruler simultaneously to the next member of the list of twelve Shimaskin kings: Idaddu II.^[16]

Idaddu II was the son of Tan-Ruhurater, during whose reign he oversaw building projects as the governor of Susa.^[17] According to Leick, he was the last of the Shimashkian kings.^[1]

The Shimashki rulers became participants in an ongoing conflict with the rulers of Isin and Larsa after the fall of Third Dynasty of Ur.^[18]

Under the Shimashki and their successors the Sukkalmah, Elam then became one of the most powerful kingdoms of West Asia, influencing the territories of Mesopotamia and Syria through commercial, military or diplomatic contacts.^[10] Expansion in Mesopotamia was only halted by the Babylonian king Hammurabi in the 18th century BC.^[10] After a prolonged conflict, the military forces of Elam were finally forced to retreat their forces positioned along the Tigris river, and to return to Susa.^[10]

The Shimashki dynasty was followed by the Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1900–1500).^[18]

List of rulers

The following list should not be considered complete:

#	Name	Succession	Title	Approx. dates	Notes
Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2119 BC)
	Unknown	Unclear succession	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, fl. c. 2240 – c. 2100 BC d. c. 2100 BC	temp. of Puzur-Inshushinak
Awan dynasty (c. 2600 – c. 2120 BC)^[19]^[20]
12^th	Puzur-Inshushinak 𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞	Nephew of Khita (?)	Military Governor of Elam Governor of Susa Mighty King of Elam King of Awan	Uncertain, fl. c. 2240 – c. 2100 BC	temp. of Puzer-Mama temp. of Gudea temp. of Ur-Nammu
"Twelve kings of Awan." — Susanian Dynastic List
Ur III period (c. 2119 – c. 2025 BC)
Shimashki dynasty (c. 2120 – c. 1980 BC)
	Girnamme I (?)	Unclear succession	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, fl. c. 2120 – c. 2028 BC
	Ebarat I (?) 𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜	Relative of Gir-Namme I (?)	King of Shimashki
1^st	Girnamme II	Relative of Ebarat I (?)	King of Shimashki		temp. of Shulgi
3^rd	Ebarat II 𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜	Relative of Tazitta I	King of Shimashki		temp. of Shulgi
2^nd	Tazitta I	Relative of Gir-Namme I (?)	King of Shimashki		temp. of Amar-Sin
4^th	Tazitta II	Unclear succession	King of Shimashki		temp. of Shu-Sin
Isin-Larsa period (c. 2025 – c. 1894 BC)
6^th	Kindattu 𒆠𒅔𒁕𒌅	Son of Ebarat I (?)	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, fl. c. 2028 – c. 2001 BC (26 years)	Conquered Ur c. 2004 BC temp. of Ishbi-Erra
	Imazu	Son of Kindattu	King of Anshan	Uncertain, fl. c. 2015 BC	temp. of Shu-Ilishu
5^th	Lurak-Luhhan	Unclear succession	King of Shimashki		temp. of Shu-Sin
	Tan-Ruhuratir I (?)	Same person as Lurak-Luhhan (?)	King of Shimashki		temp. of Shu-Sin
	Hutran-Temti I (?)	Same person as Kindattu (?)	King of Shimashki		temp. of Shu-Sin
7^th	Indattu-Inshushinak I 𒀭𒄿𒁕𒁺	Son of Hutran-Temti I (?)	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, reigned c. 1970 BC	temp. of Ibbi-Sin
8^th	Tan-Ruhuratir II	Son of Indattu-Inshushinak I (?)	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, r. c. 1945 – c. 1925 BC	temp. of Iddin-Dagan
	Indattu-Inshushinak II (?)	Son of Tan-Ruhuratir I (?)	King of Shimashki		temp. of Bilalama
Epartid dynasty (c. 1980 – c. 1850 BC)
9^th	Ebarat III 𒂊𒁀𒊏𒀜	Unclear succession	Sukkalmah King of Anshan and Susa King of Shimashki	Uncertain, fl. c. 1980 – c. 1928 BC	temp. of Iddin-Dagan
10^th	Indattu-Inshushinak III 𒀭𒄿𒁕𒁺	Son of Pepi^[21]	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, r. c. 1925 – c. 1870 BC (≥3 years)	temp. of Gungunum
	Shilhaha	Son of Ebarat II	Sukkalmah King of Anshan and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1980 – c. 1928 BC
	Kuk-Nashur I	Son of Shilhaha	Sukkalmah	Uncertain, fl. c. 1980 – c. 1928 BC
Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1850 – c. 1450 BC)
	Palar-Ishshan	Unclear succession	Sukkalmah	Uncertain, fl. c. 1980 – c. 1928 BC
	Kuk-Sanit	Son of Palar-Ishshan (?)
	Lankuku	Father of Kuk-Kirwash
	Kuk-Kirwash	Nephew of Palar-Ishshan (?)	Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam and Shimashki and Susa
	Tem-Sanit	Son of Kuk-Kirwash		Uncertain, fl. c. 1928 – c. 1894 BC
	Kuk-Nahhunte	Son of Kuk-Kirwash		Uncertain, fl. c. 1928 – c. 1894 BC
Old Babylonian period (c. 1894 – c. 1450 BC)
	Attakhushu	Son of Kuk-Nashur I (?)	Sukkal and Ippir of Susa Shepherd of the people of Susa Shepherd of Inshushinak	Uncertain, fl. c. 1928 – c. 1894 BC
	Tetep-Mada	Son of Kuk-Nashur I (?)	Shepherd of the people of Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1928 – c. 1894 BC
11^th	Idattunapir	Unclear succession	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, fl. c. 1894 – c. 1792 BC	temp. of Sumuabum
12^th	Idattutemti	Unclear succession	King of Shimashki	Uncertain, fl. c. 1894 – c. 1792 BC
"Twelve kings of Shimashki." — Susanian Dynastic List
	Shirukduh	Descendant of Shilhaha (?)	Sukkalmah	Uncertain, fl. c. 1792 – c. 1778 BC	temp. of Shamshi-Adad I
	Siwe-Palar-Khuppak	Son of Shirukduh (?)	Sukkalmah Sukkal of Susa Prince of Elam	Uncertain, reigned c. 1778 – c. 1745 BC	temp. of Hammurabi
	Tan-Uli	Unclear succession	Sukkalmah Sukkal	Uncertain, fl. c. 1745 – c. 1650 BC
	Temti-Halki	Son of Tan-Uli (?)	Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1745 – c. 1650 BC

Gallery

The Susanian Dynastic List—a regnal list dated to c. 1800 – c. 1600 BC and provenanced at Susa. Its current location is the Louvre Museum, Sb 17729. It names twelve kings for Awan and another twelve for Shimashki. The eponymous ruler Eparti II is the 9^th named king on this list.^[22]^[23]
A map of the Near East detailing various ancient regions that may have been occupied by the Elamites c. 3500 – c. 2000 BC. Included are the regions of Bashime, Marhasi, Shimashki, Lullubum, Simurrum, Anshan, Awan, Susiana, Hidali, Hurti, Kimash, Sherihun, and Zahara.
Dynastic list of twelve kings of the Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the Shimashki dynasty, 1800–1600 BC, Louvre Museum
Nude man with weapons Ur III Shimashki dynasty 2000–1940 BC. Louvre Museum
Nude woman statuette Ur III Shimashki dynasty 2000–1940 BC. Louvre Museum
Cylinder seal and modern impression. Worshiper before a seated ruler or deity, seated female under a grape arbor, Old Elamite, ca early 2nd millennium BC

References

Notes

^ Sumerian: 𒈗 𒂊 𒋛 𒈦 𒄀 𒆠, romanized: Šimaški, lit. 'Kings of the country of Simashgi'; transliterated: lugal-e-ne si-mash-gi^ki; anglicized: Shimashki; alternatively: Simashki; also: Simaski

Citations

^ ^a ^b Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
^ ^a ^b I. E. S. Edwards; C. J. Gadd; N. G. L. Hammond (31 October 1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Matthew Stolper; Béatrice André-Salvini (1992). "The Written Record". The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1.
^ Paladre, Clélia, "Glyptic Art from the Ur III to the Šimaški Periods: Heritage and Overtaking of the Models", Ur in the Twenty-First Century CE: Proceedings of the 62nd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Philadelphia, July 11–15, 2016, edited by Grant Frame, Joshua Jeffers and Holly Pittman, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 341-370, 2021
^ Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.
^ D. T. Potts (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 141.
^ Piotr Steinkeller, "New Light on Šimaški and Its Rulers", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 97, pp. 215–32, 2007
^ ^a ^b Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 9781134159079.
^ D. T. Potts (12 November 2015). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.
^ Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.
^ ^a ^b Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
^ On the alliance, see Katrien De Graef; Jan Tavernier (7 December 2012). Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives.: Proceedings of the International Congress held at Ghent University, December 14–17, 2009. BRILL. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-20741-7.
^ On Bilalama's position as governor of Eshnunna, see Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7.
^ ^a ^b Elizabeth Carter; Matthew W. Stolper (1984). Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. University of California Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-520-09950-0.
^ Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.
^ ^a ^b Sigfried J. de Laet; Ahmad Hasan Dani (1994). History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. UNESCO. p. 579. ISBN 978-92-3-102811-3.
^ Some archaeologists have suggested that Simashki was located in the north of Elam and Anshan near modern Isfahan.
^ Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
^ Hinz, 1972.
^ "Awan King List".
^ SCHEIL, V. (1931). "Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 28 (1): 1–46. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283945.

Sources

Bibliography

Cameron, G. (1936). History of Early Iran (Thesis). United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780608165332.
Daryaee, T. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190208820.
Edwards, I.; Gadd, C.; Hammond, N. (1970). "II". Early history of the Middle East. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I (revised ed.). London; New York: CUP. ISBN 9780521070515.
Ir, E (2015). "SUSA". Encyclopædia Iranica.
Hansman, J. (1985). "Anshan". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1. Vol. II. pp. 103–107.
Hayes, W.; Rowton, M.; Stubbings, F. (1964). "VII". Chronology. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Bureau of Military History: CUP.
Hinz, W. (1972). Written at United Kingdom. The Lost World of Elam: Re-creation of a Vanished Civilization. Translated by Barnes, J. University of California: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 9780283978630.
Majidzadeh, Y. (1991). تاريخ و تمدن ايلام [History and civilization of Elam] (in Persian). Iran: University of Tehran Press.
Majidzadeh, Y. (1997). تاريخ و تمدن بين النهرين [History and civilization of Mesopotamia] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Iran: University of Tehran Press. ISBN 9789640108413.
Potts, D. (1999-07-29). The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian State (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York, US: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563581.
[1]Piotr Steinkeller, "On the Dynasty of Šimaški: Twenty years (or so) After", in: W. Henkelman et al. (eds.), Extraction and control: studies in honor of Matthew W. Stolper, Oriental Institute, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 68, pp. 287–296, 2014
Matthew W. Stolper, "On the Dynasty of Šimaški and the Early Sukkalmahs", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 72, pp. 42–6, 1982
Vallat, F. (1998). "ELAM i. The history of Elam". Encyclopædia Iranica. 3. Vol. VIII. pp. 301–313.

Journals

Scheil, V. (1931). "Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 28 (1). Presses Universitaires de France: 1–46. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283945.

External links

Dahl, J. (2012-07-24). "Rulers of Elam". cdliwiki: Educational pages of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI).
Kessler, P. (2021). "Kingdoms of Iran - Elam / Haltamtu / Susiana". The History Files. Kessler Associates.

Language

Black, Jeremy Allen; Baines, John Robert; Dahl, Jacob L.; Van De Mieroop, Marc (2024). Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; Robson, Eleanor; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). "ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". Faculty of Oriental Studies (revised ed.). United Kingdom. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE.
Renn, Jürgen; Dahl, Jacob L.; Lafont, Bertrand; Pagé-Perron, Émilie (2024). "CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative". Images presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public. Support for the project has been generously provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ILMS), and by the Max Planck Society (MPS), Oxford and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities.
Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2024). "PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary". The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. [They] work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. [Two] of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL.

[1] Sumerian: 𒈗 𒂊 𒋛 𒈦 𒄀 𒆠, romanized: Šimaški, lit. 'Kings of the country of Simashgi'; transliterated: lugal-e-ne si-mash-gi^ki; anglicized: Shimashki; alternatively: Simashki; also: Simaski

[Leick2002-2] Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.

[EdwardsGadd19712-3] I. E. S. Edwards; C. J. Gadd; N. G. L. Hammond (31 October 1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.

[Daryaee2012p67-4] Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.

[Louvre1992p262-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Matthew Stolper; Béatrice André-Salvini (1992). "The Written Record". The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1.

[6] Paladre, Clélia, "Glyptic Art from the Ur III to the Šimaški Periods: Heritage and Overtaking of the Models", Ur in the Twenty-First Century CE: Proceedings of the 62nd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Philadelphia, July 11–15, 2016, edited by Grant Frame, Joshua Jeffers and Holly Pittman, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 341-370, 2021

[Daryaee2012p68-7] Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.

[8] D. T. Potts (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 141.

[9] Piotr Steinkeller, "New Light on Šimaški and Its Rulers", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 97, pp. 215–32, 2007

[Leick2002p78-10] Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.

[TB-11] Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 9781134159079.

[Potts2015-12] D. T. Potts (12 November 2015). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.

[Daryaee2012p42-13] Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.

[Leick2002p92-14] Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.

[15] On the alliance, see Katrien De Graef; Jan Tavernier (7 December 2012). Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives.: Proceedings of the International Congress held at Ghent University, December 14–17, 2009. BRILL. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-20741-7.

[Frayne1990-16] On Bilalama's position as governor of Eshnunna, see Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7.

[CarterStolper1984p73-17] Elizabeth Carter; Matthew W. Stolper (1984). Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. University of California Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-520-09950-0.

[Leick2002p76-18] Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.

[LaetDani1994-19] Sigfried J. de Laet; Ahmad Hasan Dani (1994). History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. UNESCO. p. 579. ISBN 978-92-3-102811-3.

[20] Some archaeologists have suggested that Simashki was located in the north of Elam and Anshan near modern Isfahan.

[21] Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.

[Hinz-22] Hinz, 1972.

[23] "Awan King List".

[24] SCHEIL, V. (1931). "Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 28 (1): 1–46. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283945.

[25] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[26] Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[27] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[28] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[29] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-30] Per Sumerian King List

[31] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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