亡

亡 U+4EA1, 亡 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1 ← 亠 [U+4EA0] CJK Unified Ideographs 亢 → [U+4EA2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 0071₀, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)

Derived characters

• 吂, 杗, 杧, 芒, 忙, 衁, 邙, 𢇜, 𡦽, 𥤩, 牤, 虻, 䖟, 蝱, 䰶, 𨑑, 𥝕, 笀, 𰫘, 𪢷, 甿, 𤰡, 𡵀, 𥐞, 㠵, 𢁣, 𠺯, 釯, 𰶲, 汒, 巟, 妄

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
• Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
• Unihan data for U+4EA1

Chinese

trad.		亡/亾
simp.		亡
alternative forms		𬼖

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 亡
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j27316 j27317 j27318 j27319 j27320 j27321 j27322 j27323 j27324 j27325 j27326 j27327 j27328 j27329 j27330 j27331 j27332 j27333 j27334 j27335 j27336 j27337 j27338 j27339 j27340 j27341 j27342 j27343 j27344 j27345 j27346 j27347 j27348 j27349 j27350 j27351 j27352 j27353 j27354 j27355 j27356 j27357 j27358 j27359 j27360 j27361 j27362 j27363 j27364 j27365 j27366 j27367 j27368 j27369 j27370 j27371 j27372 j27373 j27374 j27375 j27376 j27377 j27378 j27379 j27380 j27381 j27382 j27383 j27384 j27385 j27386 j27387 j27388 j27389 j27390 j27391 j27392 j27393 j27394 j27395 j27396 j27397 j27398 j27399 j27400 j27401 j27402 j27403 j27404 j27405 j27406 j27407 j27408 j27409 j27410 j27411 j27412 j27413 j27414 j27415 j27416 j27417 j27418 j27419 j27420 j27421 j27422 j27423 j27424 j27425 j27426 j27427 j27428 j27429 j27430 j27431 j27432 j27433 j27434 j27435 j27436 j27437 j27438 j27439 j27440 j27441 j27442 j27443 j27444 j27445 j27446 j27447 j27448 j27449 j27450 j27451 j27452 j27453 j27454 j27455 j27456 j27457 j27458 j27459 j27460 j27461 j27462 j27463 j27464 j27465 j27466 j27467 j27468 j27469 j27470 Bronze inscriptions b17680 b17681 b17682 b17683 b17684 b17685 b17686 b17687 b17688 b17689 b17690 b17691 b17692 b17693 b17694 b17695 b17696 b17697 b17698 b17699 b17700 b17701 b17702 b17703 b17704 b17705 b17706 b17707 b17708 b17709 b17710 b17711 b17712 b17713 Small seal script s09433 Transcribed ancient scripts L32570 L32571 L09148 L09149
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
忙	*maːŋ
芒	*maːŋ, *maŋ
茫	*maːŋ
恾	*maːŋ
吂	*maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒	*maːŋ, *maŋs
朚	*maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙	*maːŋ, *maŋ
杗	*maːŋ, *maŋ
荒	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓	*hmaːŋ
衁	*hmaːŋ
巟	*hmaːŋ
詤	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊	*hmaːŋʔ
喪	*smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡	*maŋ
望	*maŋ, *maŋs
莣	*maŋ
朢	*maŋ, *maŋs
鋩	*maŋ
硭	*maŋ
忘	*maŋ, *maŋs
网	*mlaŋʔ
罔	*mlaŋʔ
蛧	*maŋʔ
網	*mlaŋʔ
輞	*maŋʔ
棢	*maŋʔ
惘	*maŋʔ
菵	*maŋʔ
誷	*maŋʔ
魍	*maŋʔ
妄	*maŋs
盲	*mraːŋ
蝱	*mraːŋ
虻	*mraːŋ
氓	*mraːŋ
甿	*mraːŋ

Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).

The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wáng (wang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄤˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): mong⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): mong³

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): mòng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): mong²

• Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bông

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhuang⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶vaon; ⁶maon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wáng
    • Wade–Giles: wang²
    • Yale: wáng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wang
    • Palladius: ван (van)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: mong⁴
    • Yale: mòhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mong⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mong⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔːŋ²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: mong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐbɔŋ²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòng
    • Hakka Romanization System: mong^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mong²
    • Sinological IPA: /moŋ¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: mong²
    • Sinological IPA: /mɔŋ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông
    • Tâi-lô: bông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boong
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhuang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /buaŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶vaon; ⁶maon
    • MiniDict: vaon^去; maon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³vaan; ³maan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vɑ̃²³/, /mɑ̃²³/

Note:

• 3maan - vernacular;
• 3vaan - literary.

---

• Middle Chinese: mjang

Rime
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	武方切
Baxter	mjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mʉɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muaŋ/
Li Rong	/miuaŋ/
Wang Li	/mĭwaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/miwaŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mong4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wáng
Middle Chinese	‹ mjang ›
Old Chinese	/*maŋ/
English	flee; disappear; die
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
No.	12662
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	亡
Old Chinese	/*maŋ/

Definitions

亡

1. to run away; to flee; to escape

   逃亡  ―  táowáng  ―  to flee

   • 晉公子生十七年而亡。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     晋公子生十七年而亡。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

     Jìn gōngzǐ shēng shíqī nián ér wáng. [Pinyin]

     The scion of the royal house of Jin fled when he was seventeen.

2. to lose

   亡佚  ―  wángyì  ―  to be lost

   亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢  ―  wángyángbǔláo  ―  to repair the pen after sheep is lost

3. (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out

   • 國家將亡，必有妖孽。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     国家将亡，必有妖孽。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Guójiā jiāng wáng, bì yǒu yāoniè. [Pinyin]

     [and] when it is about to perish, there are sure to be unlucky omens.

   滅亡／灭亡  ―  mièwáng  ―  to perish

4. (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate

   • 帝國主義亡我之心不死 [MSC, trad.]
     帝国主义亡我之心不死 [MSC, simp.]

     dìguózhǔyì wáng wǒ zhī xīn bù sǐ [Pinyin]

     the imperialists have not given up on the desire to subjugate our country

5. to die

   死亡  ―  sǐwáng  ―  to die

   亡妻  ―  wángqī  ―  deceased wife

6. ^† Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)

Synonyms

• (to run away):

edit

• 出逃 (chūtáo)
• 奔逃 (bēntáo) (formal)
• 脫逃／脱逃 (tuōtáo)
• 落跑 (chiefly Taiwan)
• 逃 (táo)
• 逃奔 (táobèn)
• 逃走 (táozǒu)
• 逃跑 (táopǎo)
• 逃逸 (táoyì) (literary)
• 逃離／逃离 (táolí)

 

• (to lose):

edit

• 丟失／丢失 (diūshī)
• 丟掉／丢掉 (diūdiào)
• 失去 (shīqù)
• 失落 (shīluò)
• 拍交落 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 拍毋見／拍毋见 (Hokkien)
• 拍無／拍无 (Hokkien, Eastern Min)
• 拍無去／拍无去 (Hokkien, Eastern Min)
• 拍逿／拍𰺲 (páh-dâung) (Eastern Min)
• 拍逿去／拍𰺲去 (páh-dâung kó̤^→ó̤) (Eastern Min)
• 紡見／纺见 (Hokkien)
• 落落 (Hokkien)
• 遺失／遗失 (yíshī)
• 遺落／遗落 (yíluò)

 

• (to be destroyed):

edit

• 湮沒／湮没 (yānmò)
• 滅亡／灭亡 (mièwáng)
• 覆亡 (fùwáng) (literary)
• 覆沒／覆没 (fùmò)
• 覆滅／覆灭 (fùmiè)

 

• (to destroy):

edit

• 剪除 (jiǎnchú)
• 埋葬 (máizàng) (literary, figuratively)
• 打掉 (dǎdiào)
• 撲滅／扑灭 (pūmiè)
• 收拾 (colloquial)
• 根除 (gēnchú)
• 殲滅／歼灭 (jiānmiè)
• 殺滅／杀灭 (shāmiè)
• 毀滅／毁灭 (huǐmiè)
• 泯絕／泯绝 (mǐnjué) (literary)
• 消滅／消灭 (xiāomiè)
• 滅亡／灭亡 (mièwáng)
• 滅殺／灭杀 (mièshā)
• 滅絕／灭绝 (mièjué)
• 絕滅／绝灭 (juémiè)
• 翦除 (jiǎnchú) (literary)
• 解決／解决 (jiějué)
• 討滅／讨灭 (tǎomiè) (literary)

 

• (to die):

Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		死, 亡, 歿, 卒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼, 謝世, 離開人間
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	死, 故去 †, 吹燈 †, 吹燈拔蠟 †, 吹臺 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 彎回去 †, 毛兒提 Hui
	Taiwan	死, 過世 †
	Harbin	死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟
	Singapore	死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 §
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤
	Wanrong	死, 歿, 老 †, ‡
	Xi'an	死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui
	Xining	歿
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui
	Lanzhou	死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 †
	Ürümqi	死, 過世 †, 不在 †
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈
	Wuhan	死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮
	Guiyang	死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤
	Liuzhou	死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤
	Yangzhou	死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 §
	Hefei	死, 不在 †, 老 †
Cantonese	Guangzhou	死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot
	Hong Kong	死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	過身
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	過身
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	過身, 死
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	過身
	Macau	過身, 去
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	過身, 死
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	死
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	過身, 死
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	去歸, 過身
	Foshan	過身, 死
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	死, 過身
	Foshan (Shunde)	過身
	Foshan (Sanshui)	過身
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	死
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	過身
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	死
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	過身, 死
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	死, 過身
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	過身, 死
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	死, 過身
	Taishan	死, 善, 去
	Kaiping (Chikan)	死, 登仙
	Enping (Niujiang)	過身, 死
	Heshan (Yayao)	死
	Dongguan	死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 §
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	死, 過身
	Yangjiang	死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡
	Singapore (Guangfu)	死, 過身 †
Gan	Nanchang	死, 過世 †, 老 †
	Lichuan	死
	Pingxiang	死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去
Hakka	Meixian	死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	過身, 香 †
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	過身, 死
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	死, 過身
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	死
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	死, 過身
	Yudu	死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	死, 過身 †, 往生 †
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	死, 過身 †, 往生 †
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	死, 過身 †, 往生 †
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	死, 過身 †, 往生 †
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	死, 過身 †, 往生 †
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	死, 過身 †
	Hong Kong	過身, 老
Huizhou	Jixi	死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤
Jin	Taiyuan	死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡
	Xinzhou	死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮
Northern Min	Jian'ou	死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §
Southern Min	Xiamen	死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
	Quanzhou	死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
	Zhangzhou	死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 §
	Taipei	死去, 老 †, 過身 †
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 †
	Kaohsiung	死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
	Yilan	死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 †
	Changhua (Lukang)	死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
	Taichung	死去, 往生 †, 過身 †
	Tainan	死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
	Hsinchu	曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
	Kinmen	死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 †
	Penghu (Magong)	死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
	Singapore (Hokkien)	死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 †
	Manila (Hokkien)	死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †
	Chaozhou	死, 過身 †, 過世 †
	Jieyang	過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹
	Singapore (Teochew)	死, 過身
	Leizhou	死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 §
	Haikou	死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 §
	Singapore (Hainanese)	死
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	死
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西
Wu	Shanghai	死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 §
	Shanghai (Chongming)	死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤
	Suzhou	死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 §
	Danyang	死
	Hangzhou	死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去
	Ningbo	死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 †
	Wenzhou	死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤
	Jinhua	死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡
Xiang	Changsha	死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎
	Loudi	死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 †
	Shuangfeng	死, 過世 †, 故 †
Note	† - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful

edit

• 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
• 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
• 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
• 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
• 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
• 不祿／不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
• 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
• 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
• 仙遊／仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
• 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
• 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
• 傾世／倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
• 傾亡／倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
• 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
• 凋謝／凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
• 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
• 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
• 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
• 去世 (qùshì)
• 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
• 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
• 喪命／丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
• 喪生／丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
• 嗚呼／呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
• 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory)
• 嚥氣／咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
• 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
• 圓寂／圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
• 壽終正寢／寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
• 失氣／失气 (shīqì) (literary)
• 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
• 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
• 小喇叭兒吹了／小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
• 就義／就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
• 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
• 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
• 彈老三／弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
• 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
• 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
• 掛／挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
• 故 (gù)
• 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
• 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
• 斃命／毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
• 早死 (zǎosǐ)
• 晏駕／晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
• 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
• 棄世／弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
• 歸天／归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
• 歸西／归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
• 歸道山／归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
• 死 (sǐ)
• 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
• 死人 (sǐrén)
• 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
• 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
• 死翹翹／死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
• 死脫／死脱 (⁵shi-theq) (Wu)
• 殞／殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
• 氣絕／气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
• 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
• 沒世／没世 (mòshì) (literary)
• 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
• 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
• 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
• 畢命／毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
• 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
• 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
• 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
• 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
• 百年歸老／百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
• 盡命／尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
• 終／终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
• 絕／绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
• 翹辮子／翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
• 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
• 蒙主寵召／蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (euphemistic)
• 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
• 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
• 被難／被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
• 見背／见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
• 見閻王／见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
• 謝世／谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
• 賓天／宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
• 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
• 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
• 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
• 辭世／辞世 (císhì) (literary)
• 辭塵／辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
• 逝世 (shìshì)
• 進棺材／进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
• 過世／过世 (guòshì)
• 過去／过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
• 過往／过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
• 過身／过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
• 過面／过面 (Hokkien)
• 長山賣鴨卵／长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
• 長眠／长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
• 閉眼／闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
• 隕落／陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
• 離世／离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
• 駕崩／驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
• 駕鶴西去／驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
• 駕鶴西遊／驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
• 龍馭上賓／龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

 

Compounds

• 三戶亡秦／三户亡秦
• 不學亡術／不学亡术
• 亡人 (wángrén)
• 亡人自存
• 亡化
• 亡命 (wángmìng)
• 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
• 亡國／亡国 (wángguó)
• 亡國之音／亡国之音 (wángguó zhī yīn)
• 亡國奴／亡国奴 (wángguónú)
• 亡失
• 亡戟得矛
• 亡故 (wánggù)
• 亡是公
• 亡歿／亡殁
• 亡母 (wángmǔ)
• 亡父 (wángfù)
• 亡羊
• 亡羊得牛
• 亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢 (wángyángbǔláo)
• 亡者 (wángzhě)
• 亡血家
• 亡身短命
• 亡逝
• 亡鄉失土／亡乡失土
• 亡靈／亡灵 (wánglíng)
• 亡魂 (wánghún)
• 亡魂喪膽／亡魂丧胆
• 亡魂喪魄／亡魂丧魄
• 亡魂失魄
• 人亡家破
• 人亡政息 (rénwángzhèngxī)
• 人亡物在
• 人琴俱亡
• 傷亡／伤亡 (shāngwáng)
• 傾亡／倾亡 (qīngwáng)
• 傷亡枕藉／伤亡枕借
• 兵敗將亡／兵败将亡
• 凋亡 (diāowáng)
• 出亡 (chūwáng)
• 危亡 (wēiwáng)
• 名存實亡／名存实亡 (míngcúnshíwáng)
• 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng)
• 喪膽亡魂／丧胆亡魂
• 國破家亡／国破家亡 (guópòjiāwáng)
• 多歧亡羊
• 多藏厚亡
• 大逃亡
• 夭亡
• 失馬亡羊／失马亡羊
• 存亡 (cúnwáng)
• 存亡未卜
• 存亡絕續／存亡绝续
• 存亡繼絕／存亡继绝
• 宣告死亡
• 家敗人亡／家败人亡
• 家破人亡 (jiāpòrénwáng)
• 家破身亡
• 悔之亡及
• 悼亡
• 悼亡詩／悼亡诗
• 招亡納叛／招亡纳叛
• 推亡固存
• 救亡 (jiùwáng)
• 敗亡／败亡 (bàiwáng)
• 救亡圖存／救亡图存 (jiùwángtúcún)
• 敗國亡家／败国亡家
• 日飲亡何／日饮亡何
• 暴病身亡
• 有名亡實／有名亡实
• 未亡人 (wèiwángrén)
• 梏亡
• 橫亡／横亡
• 歧路亡羊 (qílùwángyáng)
• 死亡 (sǐwáng)
• 死亡學／死亡学 (sǐwángxué)
• 死亡宣告
• 死亡無日／死亡无日
• 死亡率 (sǐwánglǜ)
• 死亡登記／死亡登记
• 死亡約會／死亡约会
• 死亡給付／死亡给付
• 死亡證明／死亡证明
• 死生存亡
• 殫亡／殚亡
• 治亂存亡／治乱存亡
• 治亂興亡／治乱兴亡
• 流亡 (liúwáng)
• 流亡政府 (liúwáng zhèngfǔ)
• 流亡曲
• 流連荒亡／流连荒亡
• 淪亡／沦亡 (lúnwáng)
• 滅亡／灭亡 (mièwáng)
• 溺亡 (nìwáng)
• 烏龜亡八／乌龟亡八
• 父母雙亡／父母双亡
• 牽亡／牵亡 (qiānwáng)
• 牽亡歌／牵亡歌
• 牽亡陣／牵亡阵
• 生死存亡 (shēngsǐcúnwáng)
• 病亡 (bìngwáng)
• 瞰亡
• 祭亡如在
• 空亡
• 繼絕存亡／继绝存亡
• 繼絕興亡／继绝兴亡
• 脣亡齒寒／唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
• 臧穀亡羊／臧谷亡羊
• 自取滅亡／自取灭亡 (zìqǔmièwáng)
• 興亡／兴亡 (xīngwáng)
• 興亡繼絕／兴亡继绝
• 興廢存亡／兴废存亡
• 若存若亡
• 若有所亡
• 荒亡
• 虢滅虞亡／虢灭虞亡
• 衰亡 (shuāiwáng)
• 覆亡 (fùwáng)
• 身亡 (shēnwáng)
• 車毀人亡／车毁人亡 (chēhuǐrénwáng)
• 逃亡 (táowáng)
• 逃亡潮
• 逃亡者 (táowángzhě)
• 追亡逐北 (zhuīwángzhúběi)
• 進退存亡／进退存亡
• 關亡／关亡
• 陣亡／阵亡 (zhènwáng)
• 雙亡／双亡 (shuāngwáng)
• 魂亡膽落／魂亡胆落
• 魚爛而亡／鱼烂而亡
• 齒亡舌存／齿亡舌存

 

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wú (wu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wú
    • Zhuyin: ㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wú
    • Wade–Giles: wu²
    • Yale: wú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wu
    • Palladius: у (u)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: mou⁴
    • Yale: mòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯²¹/

---

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wáng
Middle Chinese	‹ mjang ›
Old Chinese	/*maŋ/
English	flee; disappear; die
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亡
Reading #	1/1
No.	12662
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	亡
Old Chinese	/*maŋ/

Definitions

亡

1. ^† Alternative form of 無／无 (“not have”)

   • 何有何亡，黽勉求之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     何有何亡，黾勉求之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Hé yǒu hé wú, mǐn miǎn qiú zhī. [Pinyin]

     Whether we had plenty or not, I exerted myself to be getting.

   • 夷狄之有君，不如諸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě. [Pinyin]

     The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.

   • 司馬牛憂曰：「人皆有兄弟，我獨亡。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     司马牛忧曰：「人皆有兄弟，我独亡。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Sīmǎ Niú yōu yuē: “Rén jiē yǒu xiōngdì, wǒ dú wú.” [Pinyin]

     Sima Niu, full of anxiety, said, "Other men all have their brothers, I only have not."

2. ^† Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)

References

• 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

Japanese

Kanji

亡

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. destroy
2. fall; collapse
3. not exist; nonexistent
4. run away

Readings

• Go-on: もう (mō, Jōyō ^†)^{←まう (mau, historical)}
• Kan-on: ぼう (bō, Jōyō)^{←ばう (bau, historical)}
• Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō)、なき (naki, 亡き)、ほろぶ (horobu, 亡ぶ)、ほろびる (horobiru, 亡びる)、ほろぼす (horobosu, 亡ぼす)

As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):

• Go-on: む (mu)
• Kan-on: ぶ (bu)
• Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō)、なき (naki, 亡き)

Compounds

Compound words that contain 亡

Common

• 死(し)亡(ぼう) (shibō)
• 亡(ぼう)夫(ふ) (bōfu)
• 亡(ぼう)父(ふ) (bōfu)
• 存(そん)亡(ぼう) (sonbō)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう) (tōbō)
• 亡(なき)骸(がら) (nakigara)
• 亡(ぼう)命(めい) (bōmei)
• 亡(ぼう)霊(れい) (bōrei)
• 滅(めつ)亡(ぼう) (metsubō)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)者(しゃ) (shibōsha)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)率(りつ) (shibōritsu)
• 未(み)亡(ぼう)人(じん) (mibōjin)
• 亡(な)くなる (nakunaru)

Uncommon

• 亡(ぼう)柿(し) (bōshi)
• 亡(ぼう)子(し) (bōshi)
• 亡(ぼう)児(じ) (bōji)
• 亡(ぼう)婦(ふ) (bōfu)
• 亡(ぼう)母(ぼ) (bōbo)
• 興(こう)亡(ぼう) (kōbō)
• 衰(すい)亡(ぼう) (suibō)
• 損(そん)亡(ぼう) (sonbō)
• 敗(はい)亡(ぼう) (haibō)
• 亡(ぼう)君(くん) (bōkun)
• 亡(ぼう)兄(けい) (bōkei)
• 亡(ぼう)国(こく) (bōkoku)
• 亡(ぼう)魂(こん) (bōkon)
• 亡(ぼう)妻(さい) (bōsai)
• 亡(ぼう)失(しつ) (bōshitsu)
• 亡(ぼう)親(しん) (bōshin)
• 亡(ぼう)弟(てい) (bōtei)
• 亡(ぼう)八(はち) (bōhachi)
• 亡(ぼう)妹(まい) (bōmai)
• 亡(ぼう)友(ゆう) (bōyū)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)地(ち) (shibōchi)
• 亡(な)き後(あと) (nakiato)
• 亡(な)き人(ひと) (nakihito)
• 亡(な)き者(もの) (nakimono)
• 亡(ぼう)状(じょう) (bōjō)
• 流(りゅう)亡(ぼう) (ryūbō)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)記(き)事(じ) (shibōkiji)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)者(しゃ) (tōbōsha)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)犯(はん) (tōbōhan)
• 亡(ぼう)命(めい)者(しゃ) (bōmeisha)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)時(じ)刻(こく) (shibōjikoku)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)届(とどけ) (shibōtodoke)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)保(ほ)険(けん) (shibōhoken)
• 胎(たい)児(じ)死(し)亡(ぼう) (taijishibō)
• 多(た)岐(き)亡(ぼう)羊(よう) (takibōyō)
• 逃(とう)亡(ぼう)中(ちゅう) (tōbōchū)
• 死(し)亡(ぼう)広(こう)告(こく) (shibōkōkoku)

Rare

• 陰(おん)亡(ぼう) (onbō)
• 亡(な)き魂(たま) (nakitama)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).

Hanja

Wikisource

亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))

1. hanja form^? of 망 (“destroy; collapse”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 사망 (死亡, samang)
• 도망 (逃亡, domang)
• 멸망 (滅亡, myeolmang)
• 망신 (亡身, mangsin)
• 망령 (亡靈, mangnyeong)
• 소망 (消亡, somang)
• 망국 (亡國, mangguk)
• 흥망 (興亡, heungmang)
• 패망 (敗亡, paemang)
• 망덕 (亡德, mangdeok)
• 망종 (亡終, mangjong)
• 망혼 (亡魂, manghon)
• 존망 (存亡, jonmang)
• 상망 (喪亡, sangmang)
• 망명 (亡命, mangmyeong, “exile; asylum”)

Etymology 2

Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).

Hanja

亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))

1. Alternative form of 無 (“hanja form^? of 무 (“not”)”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation