予
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Translingual
[edit]| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]予 (Kangxi radical 6, 亅+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈弓弓 (NINN), four-corner 17202, composition ⿱龴𠄐)
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №127
Derived characters
[edit]- 伃, 𠰄, 㘧, 妤, 㜿, 𢎻, 𭛞, 忬, 抒, 汿, 𤝉, 䦽, 杼, 沀, 㶦, 𤤂, 𨑦, 㐨, 𤰩, 𥄛, 䂛, 𥝱, 紓(纾), 𦍗, 𧠐, 𧦃, 𧺥, 𨋋, 野, 𨱢, 𨥤, 舒, 魣(𮬛), 𪐧, 𮓪, 𭌗, 𪜝, 預(预), 𣖦, 𩿎, 豫, 㮊, 序, 芧, 𤵈, 𥩧, 𬯺, 𣏗, 𡍳, 㙒, 𡆹
Further reading
[edit]
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 85, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 231
- Dae Jaweon: page 174, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 52, character 2
- Unihan data for U+4E88
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 予 |
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| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Small seal script |
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 j10319 s02873 Transcribed ancient scripts  L34283  L34284  L14210  L14211  L14212  L14213  L14214  L14215  L14216  L14217  L14218  L14219  L14220 |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事) . Originally 吕 (OC *ɡ·raʔ) borrowed for sound, later 亅 was added as a distinguishing mark. See also 幻.
Etymology 1
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
予 | |
|---|---|---|
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la (“to pay; to give for”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu5
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yì
- Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yǔ
- Wade–Giles: yü3
- Yale: yǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeu
- Palladius: юй (juj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /y²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu5
- Yale: yúh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy5
- Guangdong Romanization: yu5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /y³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note: literary reading.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: e2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ṳ́
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɯ⁵²/
- (Teochew)
- Middle Chinese: yoX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*laʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*laʔ/
Definitions
[edit]予
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
予 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1.
Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與.
Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial:
- Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007);
- Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008);
- /tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education).
Sagart (2017c) considers 與／与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore, Philippines)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thō͘
- Tâi-lô: thōo
- Phofsit Daibuun: to
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
- IPA (Hui'an): /tʰɔ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
- Tâi-lô: hǒo
- IPA (Lukang): /hɔ³³/
Note: vernacular reading.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hou7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hōu
- Sinological IPA (key): /hou¹¹/
- (Teochew)
Definitions
[edit]予
- (Hokkien) to give
- (Teochew) to deliver; to give
- (Hokkien) to allow
- 予伊去！ [Hokkien] ― Hō͘ i khì! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Let it go!
- (Hokkien) to cause; to make
- (Hokkien, Teochew) by (used in constructing the passive)
- 伊予人拍。 [Hokkien] ― I hō͘ lâng phah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― He was beaten up (by someone).
- (Penang Hokkien) to pay
Synonyms
[edit]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 付 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 付 |
| Malaysia | 還, 付 | |
| Singapore | 還, 付 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 付 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 付 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 畀 |
| Hong Kong | 畀 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 畀 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 付 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 還 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 付 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 付 |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 予 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 還 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 把拉, 還 obsolete | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 付 |
Derived terms
[edit]- hőng (Min Nan)
- 樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱／树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台 (chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai) (Min Nan)
Etymology 3
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
予 | |
|---|---|---|
Traditionally considered a variant of 余 (OC *la), however Shijing and Chuci rhymes suggests that the expected tone reflex was rising tone, similar to Pronunciation 1 (Mattos, 1971; Pulleyblank, 1995), which corresponds to a glottal stop coda in Old Chinese. It could thus be reanalyzed an emphatic form of the *l- series of first-person pronouns, similar to 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “me, us”) compared to 吾 (OC *ŋaː, “I, we”) in the *ŋ- series.
Cognate with 余 (OC *la), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”), 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ). Further etymology is obscure (Schuessler, 2007). Li F. (1976) reconstructs Old Chinese *rag, and compares it to Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“first person plural pronoun”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”). However, Schuessler considers this etymon belonging to 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs, “both”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu4
- Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yú
- Wade–Giles: yü2
- Yale: yú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
- Palladius: юй (juj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /y³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu4
- Yale: yùh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy4
- Guangdong Romanization: yu4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
- Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: û
- Tâi-lô: û
- Phofsit Daibuun: uu
- IPA (Xiamen): /u²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: îr
- Tâi-lô: îr
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɯ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î
- Tâi-lô: î
- Phofsit Daibuun: ii
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /i¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: e5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ṳ̂
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɯ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Middle Chinese: yo
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*laʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*la/
Definitions
[edit]予
- (obsolete) Alternative form of 余 (“I, me”)
- 夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厭之！天厭之！」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Fūzǐ shǐ zhī yuē: “Yú suǒ pǐ zhě, tiān yàn zhī! Tiān yàn zhī!” [Pinyin]
- On which the Master swore, saying, "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! May Heaven reject me!"
夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厌之！天厌之！」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 予 – see 豫 (“relaxed; comfortable; at ease; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified and variant form of 豫). |
Notes:
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Etymology 5
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 予 – see 預 (“beforehand, in advance; to take part in; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 預). |
Notes:
|
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #573”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]| 予 | |
| 豫 |
Kanji
[edit]予
(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 豫)
- beforehand, in advance
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: よ (yo, Jōyō)、しょ (sho)←しよ (syo, historical)、じょ (jo)←ぢよ (dyo, historical)
- Kan-on: よ (yo, Jōyō)、しょ (sho)←しよ (syo, historical)、ちょ (cho)←ちよ (tyo, historical)
- Kun: あらかじめ (arakajime, 予め)、かねて (kanete, 予て)
Compounds
[edit]Kanji
[edit]予
- I; me
- to give
Readings
[edit]- On (unclassified): よ (yo, Jōyō)
- Kun: われ (ware, 予)、あたえる (ataeru, 予える)←あたへる (ataferu, 予へる, historical)、ゆるす (yurusu, 予す)[1]
Compounds
[edit]- 予輩 (yohai)
Etymology
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 予 |
| よ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 余 |
From Middle Chinese 予 (MC yo).
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]- first-person personal pronoun; I, me
- 1802-1814: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (volume 1)
- 予此街道に毫をはせて膝栗毛の書を著す。
- I, on this highway, in a little while, "Hizakurige"'s lyrics I'll write
- 1802-1814: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (volume 1)
References
[edit]- Asō, Isoji (1958) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 62: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]予 (eum 여 (yeo))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]予: Hán Nôm readings: nhừ, dư, dự
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References
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- Japanese kanji with goon reading じょ
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading ぢよ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading よ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading しょ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading しよ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ちょ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading ちよ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading あらかじ・め
- Japanese kanji with kun reading かね・て
- Japanese kanji with on reading よ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading われ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading あた・える
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading あた・へる
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