| ||||||||
Translingual
editHan character
edit汝 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 水女 (EV), four-corner 34140, composition ⿰氵女)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 606, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17138
- Dae Jaweon: page 999, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1555, character 4
- Unihan data for U+6C5D
Chinese
editGlyph origin
edit| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaʔ) : semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas).
Etymology 1
edit| trad. | 汝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 汝 | |
Probably related to Proto-Kam-Sui *Ɂnjaᴬ (“river”), whence Southern Kam nyal (“river”), Sui qnyal (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ru3
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): nṳ̌
- Eastern Min (BUC): nṳ̄
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6zy; 6lu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rǔ
- Wade–Giles: ju3
- Yale: rǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruu
- Palladius: жу (žu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ru3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhu
- Sinological IPA (key): /zu⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu5
- Yale: yúh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy5
- Guangdong Romanization: yu5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nei4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdei²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nî
- Hakka Romanization System: niˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ni1
- Sinological IPA: /ni²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nṳ̌
- Sinological IPA (key): /ny²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡy³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lú
- Tâi-lô: lú
- Phofsit Daibuun: luo
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /lu⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lír
- Tâi-lô: lír
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jí
- Tâi-lô: jí
- Phofsit Daibuun: jie
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ní
- Tâi-lô: ní
- Phofsit Daibuun: nie
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jú
- Tâi-lô: jú
- Phofsit Daibuun: juo
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: re2 / ru2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jṳ́ / jú
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zɯ⁵²/, /d͡zu⁵²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
- 3zr - vernacular;
- 3lu - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: y3
- Sinological IPA (key): /y⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: nyoX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*njaʔ/
Definitions
edit汝
- (～水, ～河) Ru River, a northern tributary of the Huai River in modern-day southern Henan province. The name also refers to the Hong River in its lower reaches, which now shares a common course with the Ru, as well as a southern tributary of the Hong.
- a surname
Compounds
editEtymology 2
edit| trad. | 汝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 汝 | |
| alternative forms | 女 你 coastal Min (colloquial) 爾／尔 Hokkien (archaic) | |
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”). Cognate with 你 (nǐ) and 爾／尔 (ěr).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ru3
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): nṳ̌
- Eastern Min (BUC): nṳ̄
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6zy; 6lu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rǔ
- Wade–Giles: ju3
- Yale: rǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruu
- Palladius: жу (žu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ru3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhu
- Sinological IPA (key): /zu⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu5
- Yale: yúh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy5
- Guangdong Romanization: yu5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nei4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdei²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nî
- Hakka Romanization System: niˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ni1
- Sinological IPA: /ni²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nṳ̌
- Sinological IPA (key): /ny²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡy³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Hsinchu, Philippines, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lí
- Tâi-lô: lí
- Phofsit Daibuun: lie
- IPA (Philippines): /li⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Tainan, Yilan): /li⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /li⁴¹/
- IPA (Singapore): /li⁴²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Tong'an, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Singapore, Penang, Medan)
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jú
- Tâi-lô: jú
- Phofsit Daibuun: juo
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jí
- Tâi-lô: jí
- Phofsit Daibuun: jie
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ní
- Tâi-lô: ní
- Phofsit Daibuun: nie
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Hsinchu, Philippines, Singapore)
- Xiamen:
- lí - vernacular;
- lú - literary.
- Zhangzhou:
- lí - vernacular;
- jí/ní - literary.
- mainstream Taiwan:
- lí - vernacular;
- jú/lú - literary.
- Singapore:
- lír/lí - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: le2 / lu2 / re2 / ru2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lṳ́ / lú / jṳ́ / jú
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɯ⁵²/, /lu⁵²/, /d͡zɯ⁵²/, /d͡zu⁵²/
- le2/lu2 - vernacular (lu2 - Chaoyang);
- re2/ru2 - literary (ru2 - Chaoyang).
- 3zr - vernacular;
- 3lu - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: y3
- Sinological IPA (key): /y⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: nyoX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*naʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njaʔ/
Definitions
edit汝
- (literary or coastal Min) thou; you (second-person pronoun)
- 子貢問曰：「賜也何如？」子曰：「女器也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐgòng wèn yuē: “Cì yě hérú?” Zǐ yuē: “Rǔ qì yě.” [Pinyin]
- Zigong asked, "What do you say of Ci [Zigong's given name]?" The Master said, "You are a utensil."
子贡问曰：「赐也何如？」子曰：「女器也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
editCompounds
editDescendants
edit- → Betawi: lu
- → Burmese: လု (lu.)
- → Indonesian: lu, lo, elu
- → Khmer: លឺ (lɨɨ)
- → Malaccan Creole Malay: lu
- → Malay: lu
- → Thai: ลื้อ (lʉ́ʉ)
References
edit- “汝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editKanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: にょ (nyo)
- Kan-on: じょ (jo)
- Kun: なんじ (nanji, 汝)←なんぢ (nandi, 汝, historical)、なれ (nare, 汝)、な (na, 汝)、うぬ (unu, 汝)、しゃ (sha, 汝)、いまし (imashi, 汝)
- Nanori: な (na)
Compounds
editEtymology 1
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 汝 |
| なんじ Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 爾 女 (rare, kanbun) 若 (rare, kanbun) |
/na mut͡ɕi/ → /namʉd͡ʑi/ → /nand͡ʑi/
Originally a compound of 汝 (na, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 3 below) + 貴 (muchi, “noble”).[1][2]
Also written as なむぢ (namuji) in older texts, since the namuchi, namuji, and nanji readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editQuotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Derived terms
editIdioms
edit- 艱難汝を玉にす (kannan nanji o tama ni su)
Proverbs
edit- 汝自身を知れ (nanji jishin o shire)
- 汝の敵を愛せよ (nanji no teki o aiseyo)
- 汝自らを知れ (nanji mizukara o shire)
- 弱き者よ汝の名は女なり (yowakimono yo nanji no na wa onna nari)
Etymology 2
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 汝 |
| なれ Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Derived from 汝 (na, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 3 below) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix).
Pronoun
editQuotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Etymology 3
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 汝 |
| な Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 己 |
From Old Japanese.
Possibly cognate with second-person singular informal pronoun Korean 너 (neo).
Pronoun
editQuotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Derived terms
edit- 汝 (nare)
- 汝 (nanji)
- 汝等 (namudachi)
Etymology 4
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 汝 |
| うぬ Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 己 |
Sound shift from reflexive pronoun 己 (ono), Old Japanese 己 (ono2).[2]
Pronunciation
edit- Pronunciation for pronoun senses unknown.
Pronoun
edit- (vulgar or Yamagata) second-person pronoun: you
- (derogatory) first- or third-person reflexive pronoun: me, myself, himself, herself, itself, oneself
- Synonym: 自分自身 (jibun-jishin)
Derived terms
editInterjection
edit- (vulgar) used as an insult to the second person: you!
- Synonym: 己 (onore)
Etymology 5
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 汝 |
| しゃ Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
⟨si⟩ → /ɕi/ → /ɕa/ Shift from Old Japanese 汝 (si) of the same meaning.
Pronoun
editEtymology 6
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 汝 |
| いまし Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
The nominalization of honorific verb 坐す (imasu, “to be”, honorific).[1]
Possibly also analyzable as a compound of 汝 (i-, a rare Old Japanese second person singular pronoun) + 坐 (mashi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of honorific verb 坐す masu, “to be”).
Pronoun
editSee also
edit| a-/wa- “I, we” (first person) |
na-/-ma- “you, ye, thou” (second person) |
k- “this” (close to speaker) |
s- “that” (close to listener) |
a-/ka- “that over there” (far from both) |
i-/ta-/nani- “who, what, where, how, when” (interrogative) |
ono- “oneself” (reflexive) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | あ (a) あれ (are) わ (wa) われ (ware) まろ (maro) |
な (na) なれ (nare) なんぢ (nanji) まし (mashi) いまし (imashi) みまし (mimashi) きみ (kimi) |
こ (ko) これ (kore) |
そ (so) それ (sore) |
あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare) |
た (ta) たれ (tare) なにがし (nanigashi) |
おの (ono) おのれ (onore) |
| Thing | こ (ko) これ (kore) |
そ (so) それ (sore) |
あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare) |
いづれ (izure) なに (nani) |
|||
| Location | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あしこ (ashiko) かしこ (kashiko) |
いづく (izuku) いづこ (izuko) いどこ (idoko) どこ (doko) |
|||
| Direction | こち (kochi) こなた (konata) |
そち (sochi) そなた (sonata) |
あち (achi) あなた (anata) かなた (kanata) |
いづち (izuchi) いづら (izura) いづかた (izukata) |
|||
| Manner | か (ka) かく (kaku) かくて (kakute) かう (kō) |
さ (sa) さて (sate) しか (shika) |
いか (ika) | ||||
| Time | いつ (itsu) |
References
editKorean
editHanja
edit汝 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)
- you
- the name of water, river[1]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References
edit- ^ “Naver Hanja”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], 2020 May 15 (last accessed), archived from the original on 9 April 2021
Old Japanese
editEtymology 1
editOriginally a first person pronoun. Later became a second person pronoun, as is often seen in Japanese. Compare Old Korean 나 (na). Also found in some instances as a self-reference, one, oneself. This sense is more commonly spelled 己 when used in isolation.[1]
Pronoun
edit汝 (na) (kana な)
- first-person singular pronoun: I, me
- third-person reflexive pronoun: one, oneself, itself
- second-person singular pronoun: you, thou
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Japanese: 汝 (na)
See also
edit- 劍太刀 (turugi1-tati, pillow word that can allude to na)
Etymology 2
editFrom 汝 (na, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 1 above) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix).
Pronoun
edit汝 (nare) (kana なれ)
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Descendants
edit- Japanese: 汝 (nare)
Etymology 3
editCognate with 其 (si, third-person pronoun) and 己 (si, reflexive pronoun). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronoun
edit汝 (si) (kana し)
Descendants
edit- Japanese: 汝 (sha)
Etymology 4
editThe nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of honorific verb 坐す (imasu, “to be”).
Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of 汝 (i, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 6 below) + 坐し (masi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of honorific verb 坐す (masu), “to be”).
Pronoun
edit汝 (imasi) (kana いまし)
Usage notes
editMore honorific than masi (see Etymology 5 below), but less honorific than mi1masi (see Etymology 6 below).
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Descendants
edit- Japanese: 汝 (imashi)
Etymology 5
editThe nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of honorific verb 坐す (masu, “to be”).[1]
Alternatively, a shortening of imasi (see Etymology 3 above).[1][2]
Pronoun
edit汝 (masi) (kana まし)
Usage notes
editLess honorific than both imasi (see Etymology 4 above) and mi1masi (see Etymology 6 below).
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Etymology 6
editCompound of 御 (mi1-, honorific prefix) + 汝 (masi, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 4 above).[1]
Pronoun
edit汝 (mi1masi) (kana みまし)
Usage notes
editMore honorific than both imasi (see Etymology 4 above) and masi (see Etymology 5 above).
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
Etymology 7
editPossibly a borrowing from Old Korean, compare modern Korean 이 (i, “this person”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronoun
edit汝 (i) (kana い)
- (rare, possibly derogatory) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:汝.
References
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit汝: Hán Nôm readings: nhớ, nhở, nhởi, nhứ, nhử, nhữ, dử, nhừ, nở
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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