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Translingual
editHan character
edit努 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女水大尸 (VEKS), four-corner 47427, composition ⿱奴力)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2314
- Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 369, character 4
- Unihan data for U+52AA
Chinese
edittrad. | 努 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 努 |
Glyph origin
editOld Chinese | |
---|---|
拿 | *rnaː |
拏 | *rnaː |
詉 | *rnaː |
蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
挐 | *rnaː, *na |
絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
呶 | *rnaːw |
怓 | *rnaːw |
帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
奴 | *naː |
砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
駑 | *naː |
孥 | *naː |
努 | *naːʔ |
弩 | *naːʔ |
怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
袽 | *na |
帤 | *na |
女 | *naʔ, *nas |
籹 | *naʔ |
恕 | *hnjas |
如 | *nja, *njas |
茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
洳 | *nja, *njas |
鴽 | *nja |
蕠 | *nja |
汝 | *njaʔ |
肗 | *njaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *naːʔ) : semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength.
Etymology
editFrom Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwar; cognate with Mizo nawr (“push, thrust, urge, compel, attack”) < nɔɔr & Mizo nawrh (“to sulk, to be displeased, disgruntled, offended”) < nuar ~ nɔrʔ ~ nɔrh, & Khami *nuar "get angry" (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): nū
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6nu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nǔ
- Wade–Giles: nu3
- Yale: nǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
- Palladius: ну (nu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /nu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nou5
- Yale: nóuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: nou5
- Guangdong Romanization: nou5
- Sinological IPA (key): /nou̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nú
- Hakka Romanization System: nuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nu3
- Sinological IPA: /nu³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nū
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
- Tâi-lô: nóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: nor
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nɔ̃⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /nɔ̃⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
- Tâi-lô: lóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: lor
- IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘
- Tâi-lô: lǒo
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǒ͘
- Tâi-lô: nǒo
- IPA (Quanzhou): /nɔ̃²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- Quanzhou:
- nǒ͘/ló͘ - literary;
- lǒ͘ - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: nuX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*naːʔ/
Definitions
edit努
- to exert; to strive; to make an effort
- 努力 ― nǔlì ― to make an effort
- to bulge; to pout
- (dialectal) to inure oneself through overexertion
- (Cantonese) to push something out of the body by contracting abdominal muscles and increasing abdominal pressure
Compounds
editJapanese
editKanji
edit努
Readings
edit- Go-on: ぬ (nu)
- Kan-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
- Kun: つとむ (tsutomu, 努む)、つとめる (tsutomeru, 努める, Jōyō)
- Nanori: つとむ (tsutomu)
Etymology 1
editKanji in this term |
---|
努 |
ど Grade: 4 |
on'yomi |
Middle Chinese 努 (nuoX)
Pronunciation
editAffix
editNoun
edit- the third of the Eight Principles of Yong
Hypernyms
edit- 永字八法 (Eiji Happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)
Coordinate terms
edit- 側 (soku, “the first of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
- 勒 (roku, “the second of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
- 趯 (teki, “the fourth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
- 策 (saku, “the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
- 掠 (ryaku, “the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
- 啄 (taku, “the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
- 磔 (taku, “the eighth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
Etymology 2
editKanji in this term |
---|
努 |
つとむ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).
Pronunciation
editProper noun
edit- a male given name
References
editKorean
editHanja
editCompounds
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
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- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ど
- Japanese kanji with kun reading つと・む
- Japanese kanji with kun reading つと・める
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading つとむ
- Japanese terms spelled with 努 read as ど
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