茹

茹 U+8339, 茹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8339 ← 茸 [U+8338] CJK Unified Ideographs 茺 → [U+833A]

Translingual

Han character

茹 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿女口 (TVR), four-corner 4446₀, composition ⿱艹如)

1. roots
2. vegetables
3. eat
4. to bear; withstand

Derived characters

• 𣺾, 𦷸

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1029, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30921
• Dae Jaweon: page 1488, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3211, character 11
• Unihan data for U+8339

Chinese

trad.		茹
simp. #		茹

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
拿	*rnaː
拏	*rnaː
詉	*rnaː
蒘	*rnaː, *na
笯	*rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐	*rnaː, *na
絮	*rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶	*rnaːw
怓	*rnaːw
帑	*n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴	*naː
砮	*naː, *naːʔ
駑	*naː
孥	*naː
努	*naːʔ
弩	*naːʔ
怒	*naːʔ, *naːs
袽	*na
帤	*na
女	*naʔ, *nas
籹	*naʔ
恕	*hnjas
如	*nja, *njas
茹	*nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳	*nja, *njas
鴽	*nja
蕠	*nja
汝	*njaʔ
肗	*njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njas) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plants”) + phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) – plant roots, part of a plant.

Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Kharia [script needed] (ɲoʔ, “to eat”) and Proto-Vietic *s-nja:ʔ (“to chew, to masticate”) (> Vietnamese nhá). Schuessler (2003) also compares 茹 with Jingpho noʔ¹ 'to eat' and Proto-Mienic *ʔnək^D 'to swallow'.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rú, rù (ru², ru⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ, ㄖㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁴ / jyu⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lîr / lû / jî / jû

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ru⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rú
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rú
    • Wade–Giles: ju²
    • Yale: rú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
    • Palladius: жу (žu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rù
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rù
    • Wade–Giles: ju⁴
    • Yale: rù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruh
    • Palladius: жу (žu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jyu⁴ / jyu⁶
    • Yale: yùh / yuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁴ / jy⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yu⁴ / yu⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²¹/, /jyː²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîr
    • Tâi-lô: lîr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû
    • Tâi-lô: lû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: luu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lu²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî
    • Tâi-lô: jî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jii
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi¹³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû
    • Tâi-lô: jû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: juu
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ru⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡zu⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: nyo, nyoX, nyoH

Rime
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	日 (38)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	魚 (22)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	人諸切	人渚切	人恕切
Baxter	nyo	nyoX	nyoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨʌ/	/ȵɨʌX/	/ȵɨʌH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔX/	/ȵiɔH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɔ/	/ȵʑiɔX/	/ȵʑiɔH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨə̆/	/ȵɨə̆X/	/ȵɨə̆H/
Li Rong	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔX/	/ȵiɔH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭo/	/ȵʑĭoX/	/ȵʑĭoH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯wo/	/ȵʑi̯woX/	/ȵʑi̯woH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rú	rǔ	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu4	jyu5	jyu6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*naʔ/, /*na-s/, /*naʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*nja/, /*njaʔ/, /*njas/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rú	rú	rú
Middle Chinese	‹ nyoX ›	‹ nyoH ›	‹ nyoH ›
Old Chinese	/*naʔ/	/*na-s/	/*naʔ-s/
English	swallow, eat	scrutinize	swallow, eat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	9624	9630	9633
Phonetic component	女	女	女
Rime group	魚	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	如	汝	洳
Old Chinese	/*nja/	/*njaʔ/	/*njas/

Definitions

茹

1. to eat

   • 未有火化，食草木之實，鳥獸之肉，飲其血，茹其毛。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     未有火化，食草木之实，鸟兽之肉，饮其血，茹其毛。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Wèi yǒu huǒhuà, shí cǎomù zhī shí, niǎoshòu zhī ròu, yǐn qí xuè, rú qí máo. [Pinyin]

     They knew not yet the transforming power of fire, but ate the fruits of plants and trees, and the flesh of birds and beasts, drinking their blood, and swallowing (also) the hair and feathers.

   • 舜之飯糗茹草也，若將終身焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     舜之饭糗茹草也，若将终身焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Shùn zhī fàn qiǔ rú cǎo yě, ruò jiāng zhōngshēn yān. [Pinyin]

     Shun's manner of eating his parched grain and consuming herbs was as if he were to be doing so all his life.

2. (literary) to bear

   含辛茹苦  ―  hánxīnrúkǔ  ―  to suffer hardships

   • 有詩賦銘誄書表啟疏二十卷，吾兄弟始在草土，並未得編次，便遭火盪盡，竟不傳於世。銜酷茹恨，徹於心髓！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     有诗赋铭诔书表启疏二十卷，吾兄弟始在草土，并未得编次，便遭火荡尽，竟不传于世。衔酷茹恨，彻于心髓！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yan Zhitui, The Family Instructions of Master Yan, 6^th century CE

     Yǒu shīfù mínglěi shū biǎo qǐ shū èrshí juǎn, wú xiōngdì shǐ zài cǎotǔ, bìng wèi dé biāncì, biàn zāo huǒ dàng jìn, jìng bù chuán yú shì. Xián kù rú hèn, chè yú xīnsuǐ! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (literary) to guess

   • 我心匪鑒，不可以茹。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     我心匪鉴，不可以茹。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒ xīn fěi jiàn, bù kěyǐ rú. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. (literary) soft

   • 攬茹蕙以掩涕兮，霑余襟之浪浪。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     揽茹蕙以掩涕兮，沾余襟之浪浪。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE

     Lǎn rú huì yǐ yǎn tì xī, zhān yú jīn zhī lànglàng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

5. (literary) corrupted
6. (literary) vegetables

   • 秋黃之蘇，白露之茹。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     秋黄之苏，白露之茹。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 2nd century CE, 枚乘, 七發

     Qiūhuáng zhī sū, báilù zhī rú. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

7. a surname
8. (organic chemistry) rubicene

Compounds

• 吐剛茹柔／吐刚茹柔
• 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
• 拔茅連茹／拔茅连茹
• 柔茹剛吐／柔茹刚吐
• 柔茹寡斷／柔茹寡断
• 竹茹 (zhúrú)
• 茅茹
• 茹古涵今
• 茹柔吐剛／茹柔吐刚
• 茹毛飲血／茹毛饮血 (rúmáoyǐnxuè)
• 茹泣吞悲
• 茹素 (rúsù)
• 茹苦含辛
• 茹茹 (Rúrú)
• 茹荼
• 茹葷／茹荤 (rúhūn)
• 茹魚去蠅／茹鱼去蝇
• 菜茹
• 蔬茹氣／蔬茹气
• 銜悲茹恨／衔悲茹恨
• 銜聲茹氣／衔声茹气
• 飲冰茹蘗／饮冰茹蘗
• 飯糗茹草／饭糗茹草
• 飲血茹毛／饮血茹毛
• 香茹 (xiāngrú)

 

References

• “茹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 茹 – see 挐 (“(Southern Min) chaotic; messy; disorderly”). (This character is a variant form of 挐).

Japanese

Kanji

茹

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. to boil
2. to seethe

Readings

• Go-on: にょ (nyo)
• Kan-on: じょ (jo)
• Kun: ゆでる (yuderu, 茹でる)、くう (kuu, 茹う)
• Nanori: かやね (kayane)

Korean

Hanja

茹 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

茹: Hán Việt readings: như, nhự
茹: Nôm readings: nhà, nhờ, nhựa, nhừa, nhu

1. Nôm form of nhà (“home”).