Chen dynasty

The Chen dynasty (Chinese: 陳朝) was the fourth and the last of the southern dynasties in China. It was an ethnic Han dynasty.

The Chen dynasty 陳 (557-589) was the last of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 (420~589). It was founded by Chen Baxian 陳霸先 (r. 557-559).

Chen Baxian 陳霸先 (posthumous title Emperor Wu of the Chen 陳武帝, r. 557-559) inherited the imperial throne as King of Chen 陳 because he forced the last Liang emperor to hand over to him the "Heavenly Mandate". After the collapse of the Northern Wei empire, there was a new time of political unrest and military activity in the north and along the borders with southern China. During the disturbances of the last decade of the Liang period, the empire of the Northern Zhou 北周 (557-581) was able to conquer the whole western part of southern China, that is modern Sichuan and Yunnan. Chen Baxian's empire was therefore only half the size of the Liang dynasty's. Furthermore, Chen Baxian was never able to fully control all territories of his empire as well as the political and military activities of the local gentry. It took him a long time to subdue all claimants to the throne from the Xiao family that had survived the foundation of the Chen dynasty. Several Liang princes continued the rule of the Liang dynasty in the so-called Later Liang empire 後梁 (555-587) in the middle Yangtze valley.

The most powerful person in the Chen empire after Chen Baxian's death was Hou Andu 侯安都 who replaced the new emperor Chen Chang 陳昌 immediately with Chen Qian 陳蒨 (posthumous title Emperor Wen 陳文帝, r. 559-566). Chen Qian's son Chen Bozong 陳伯宗, called the Deposed Emperor 陳廢帝 (r. 566-568) was toppled by his own uncle Chen Xu 陳頊 (posthumous title Emperor Xuan 陳宣帝, r. 569-582). Chen Xu's reign was a relatively calm and peaceful period, except the few successless military campaigns of Wu Mingche 吳明徹 against the north.

Meanwhile, at the northern frontier a serious change had taken place. The Northern Zhou empire had conquered its neighbouring state, the Northern Qi 北齊 (550-577) and thus controlled the whole north and west of China. The Northern Zhou dynasty itself was destroyed by general Yang Jian 楊堅, who founded the Sui Dynasty 隋 (581-618). For Yang Jian, it was an easy game to conquer the small state of Chen in the south and to reunite China under his rule.

Few records survive from the time of the Chen dynasty. However, the records that exist say that the dynasty was strong and rich. Legend says that the Chen dynasty had ten times more wealth than Europe at the time. The Chen dynasty's rulers had a tax system and ruling system similar to the Kang-Qian 'flourishing age'. (The Kang-Qian age was the last and richest Chinese feudal dynasty).

The Chen dynasty took in an enormous amount of silver, which was used as money at the time. The records that still exist say that the dynasty had as much as 30 million taels of silver in their reserves. (A silver tael weighed about 30 grams.) During the Chen dynasty, there was also a huge demand for Chinese silk, spices, porcelain, artwork, and many other products.

In the year 589, the Sui dynasty took over the Chen dynasty after the last Chen Emperor abdicated (gave up his position as Emperor).

Kings

Names given after death	Family names and personal names	Years	Time periods
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Chen - Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Chen Ba Xian (陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1)	557-559	Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
Emperor Wen of Chen - Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)	Chen Qian (陳蒨 chen2 qian4)	560-566	Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
Emperor Fei of Chen - Fei Di (廢帝 fei4 di4)	Chen Bo Zong (陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1)	567-568	Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
Emperor Xuan of Chen - Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4)	Chen Xu (陳頊 chen2 xu1)	569-582	Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
Emperor Houzhu of Chen (後主 hou4 zhu3)	Chen Shu Bao (陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3	583-589	Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589