مدد:آءِ پي اي

آءِپي اي IPA (انٽرنيشنل فوئنٽڪ الفابيٽ IPA) جي هجي جي نشانين لاءِ وڪيپيڊيا جي چاٻي The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

Symbol	Examples	Description
^ top A
[a] ( ٻڌو)	German Mann	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[aː]	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
[ä] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 他 tā, American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte
[ɐ] ( ٻڌو)	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ] ( ٻڌو)	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
[ɑː]	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
[ɑ̃] ( ٻڌو)	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[ɒ] ( ٻڌو)	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ] ( ٻڌو)	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ] ( ٻڌو)	RP cat
^ top B
[b] ( ٻڌو)	English babble
[ɓ] ( ٻڌو)	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children"	Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
[ʙ] ( ٻڌو)	Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw"	Sputtering.
^ top C
[c] ( ٻڌو)	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Romanian cameră "room"Greek και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ç] ( ٻڌو)	German Ich	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ɔ] ( ٻڌو)	see under O
^ top D
[d] ( ٻڌو)	English dad
[ɗ] ( ٻڌو)	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ] ( ٻڌو)	American English harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð] ( ٻڌو)	English the, bathe
[dz] ( ٻڌو)	English adds, Italian zero
[dʒ] ( ٻڌو)	English judge
[dʑ] ( ٻڌو)	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[dʐ] ( ٻڌو)	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[e] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish fe; French clé
[eː]	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ] ( ٻڌو)	Australian English bird
[ə] ( ٻڌو)	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ɚ] ( ٻڌو)	American English runner
[ɛ] ( ٻڌو)	English bet
[ɛ̃] ( ٻڌو)	French Saint-Étienne, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[ɜ] ( ٻڌو)	RP bird (long)
[ɝ] ( ٻڌو)	American English bird
^ top F
[f] ( ٻڌو)	English fun
[ɟ] ( ٻڌو)	see under J
[ʄ] ( ٻڌو)	see under J
^ top G
[ɡ] ( ٻڌو)	English gag	(Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ] ( ٻڌو)	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ] ( ٻڌو)		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ] ( ٻڌو)	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[h] ( ٻڌو)	American English house
[ɦ] ( ٻڌو)	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[ħ] ( ٻڌو)	Arabic Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ɥ]	see under Y
[ɮ] ( ٻڌو)	see under L
^ top I
[i] ( ٻڌو)	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[iː]	English sea	Long [i].
[ɪ] ( ٻڌو)	English sit
[ɨ] ( ٻڌو)	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[j] ( ٻڌو)	English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ʲ]	Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ʝ] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ] ( ٻڌو)	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ʄ] ( ٻڌو)	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
[k] ( ٻڌو)	English kick, skip
^ top L
[l] ( ٻڌو)	English leaf
[ɫ] ( ٻڌو)	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
[ɬ] ( ٻڌو)	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ] ( ٻڌو)		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ]		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ] ( ٻڌو)	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
[m] ( ٻڌو)	English mime
[ɱ] ( ٻڌو)	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ] ( ٻڌو)	see under W
[ʍ] ( ٻڌو)	see under W
^ top N
[n] ( ٻڌو)	English nun
[ŋ] ( ٻڌو)	English sing, Māori nga
[ɲ] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ] ( ٻڌو)	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ] ( ٻڌو)	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[o] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish no, French eau
[oː]	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
[ɔ] ( ٻڌو)	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
[ɔː]	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
[ɔ̃] ( ٻڌو)	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[ø] ( ٻڌو)	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[øː]	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
[ɵ] ( ٻڌو)	Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ] ( ٻڌو)	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œː]	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
[œ̃] ( ٻڌو)	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[ɶ] ( ٻڌو)
[θ] ( ٻڌو)	see under Others
[ɸ] ( ٻڌو)	see under Others
^ top P
[p] ( ٻڌو)	English pip
^ top Q
[q] ( ٻڌو)	Arabic Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
[r] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
[ʀ] ( ٻڌو)	Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ɽ] ( ٻڌو)	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ] ( ٻڌو)	RP borrow
[ɻ] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ] ( ٻڌو)	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[s] ( ٻڌو)	English sass
[ʃ] ( ٻڌو)	English shoe
[ʂ] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[t] ( ٻڌو)	English tot, stop
[ʈ] ( ٻڌو)	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts] ( ٻڌو)	English cats, Russian царь tsar
[tʃ] ( ٻڌو)	English church
[tɕ] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 北京  Běijīng, Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[tʂ] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
[u] ( ٻڌو)	French vous "you"
[uː]	French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, American English food	Long [u].
[ʊ] ( ٻڌو)	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ʉ] ( ٻڌو)	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ɥ]	see under Y
[ɯ] ( ٻڌو)	see under W
^ top V
[v] ( ٻڌو)	English verve
[ʋ] ( ٻڌو)	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ɤ] ( ٻڌو)	see under Y
[ɣ] ( ٻڌو)	see under Y
[ʌ] ( ٻڌو)	see under A
^ top W
[w] ( ٻڌو)	English wow
[ʷ]		Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[ʍ] ( ٻڌو)	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ] ( ٻڌو)	Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ] ( ٻڌو)	Spanish agua
^ top X
[x] ( ٻڌو)	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven	between [k] and [h]
[χ] ( ٻڌو)	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[y] ( ٻڌو)	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[yː]	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
[ʏ] ( ٻڌو)	German Düsseldorf	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ] ( ٻڌو)	Arabic ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ] ( ٻڌو)	Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ] ( ٻڌو)	Italian tagliatelle	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ]	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
^ top Z
[z] ( ٻڌو)	English zoo
[ʒ] ( ٻڌو)	English vision, French journal
[ʑ] ( ٻڌو)	old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ] ( ٻڌو)	Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ] ( ٻڌو)	see under L
^ top Others
[θ] ( ٻڌو)	English thigh, bath
[ɸ] ( ٻڌو)	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ] ( ٻڌو)	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ] ( ٻڌو)	Arabic ʻarabī "Arabic"	A light sound deep in the throat.
[ǀ] ( ٻڌو)	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ] ( ٻڌو)	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ] ( ٻڌو)	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ] ( ٻڌو)	ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two"	Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ] ( ٻڌو)	Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂààʔám̀ᵑǃã̀ã̀] "to put in the mouth"	Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

Marks added to letters

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.

Symbol	Example	Description
Signs above a letter
[ã]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ä]	Portuguese vá [vä] "go"	A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
Signs below a letter
[a̯]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]		Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]		Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]	English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

Issues

Particularly, the following symbols may be shown improperly depending on your font: