Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is an organic compound comprisin anly carbon, hydrogen, an oxygen, uisually wi a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio o 2:1 (as in watter); in ither wirds, wi the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (whaur m coud be different frae n).[1] Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a succar component o DNA,[2] haes the empirical formula C5H10O4.[3] Carbohydrates are technically hydrates o carbon;[4] structurally it is mair accurate tae view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes an ketones.[5]
The term is maist common in biochemistry, whaur it is a synonym o saccharide. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are dividit intae fower chemical groupings: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, an polysaccharides. In general, the monosaccharides an disaccharides, which are smawer (lawer molecular wicht) carbohydrates, are commonly referred tae as succars.[6] The wird saccharide comes frae the Greek wird σάκχαρον (sákkharon), meanin "succar." While the scienteefic nomenclatur o carbohydrates is complex, the names o the monosaccharides an disaccharides very eften end in the suffix -ose. For example, grape succar is the monosaccharide glucose, cane succar is the disaccharide sucrose, and milk succar is the disaccharide lactose (see illustration).
Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in livin organisms. Polysaccharides serve for the storage o energy (e.g., starch an glycogen), an as structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants an chitin in arthropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component o coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD, an NAD) an the backbone o the genetic molecule kent as RNA. The relatit deoxyribose is a component o DNA. Saccharides an thair derivatives include mony ither important biomolecules that play key roles in the immune seestem, fertilization, preventin pathogenesis, bluid clottin, an development.[7]
In fuid science an in mony informal contexts, the term carbohydrate eften means ony fuid that is parteecularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch (sic as cereals, breid, an pasta) or semple carbohydrates, sic as succar (foond in candy, jams, an desserts).
References
[eedit | eedit soorce]- ↑ Western Kentucky University (29 Mey 2013). "WKU BIO 113 Carbohydrates". wku.edu. Archived frae the original on 12 Januar 2014. Retrieved 18 Julie 2013.
- ↑ Eldra Pearl Solomon, Linda R. Berg, Diana W. Martin; Cengage Learning (2004). Biology. google.books.com. p. 52. ISBN 978-0534278281.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors leet (link)
- ↑ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011). "Material Measurement Library D-erythro-Pentose, 2-deoxy-". nist.gov.
- ↑ Long Island University (29 Mey 2013). "The Chemistry of Carbohydrates" (PDF). brooklyn.liu.edu. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 18 Julie 2013.
- ↑ Purdue University (29 Mey 2013). "Carbohydrates: The Monosaccharides". purdue.edu.
- ↑ Flitsch, Sabine L.; Ulijn, Rein V (2003). "Succars tied to the spot". Nature. 421 (6920): 219–20. doi:10.1038/421219a. PMID 12529622.
- ↑ Maton, Anthea (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. pp. 52–59. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. Unknown parameter
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Freemit airtins
[eedit | eedit soorce]- Carbohydrates, includin interactive models an animations Archived 2013-06-29 at the Wayback Machine (Requires MDL Chime Archived 2006-03-20 at the Wayback Machine)
- IUPAC-IUBMB Jynt Commission on Biochemical Nomenclatur (JCBN): Carbohydrate Nomenclatur
- Carbohydrates detailed Archived 2016-05-16 at the Portuguese Web Archive
- Carbohydrates an Glycosylation – The Virtual Library o Biochemistry an Cell Biology Archived 2005-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Functional Glycomics Gateway, a collaboration atween the Consortium for Functional Glycomics an Naitur Publishing Group