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Sejarah matematika

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Halaman moroi ba Buku Ikhtisar Perhitungan dengan Penyelesaian dan Perimbangan karya Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī ba ndröfi si 820 Masehi)

Lala ba wangerai gofu hadia ia no sa'ae oi la'ila wa tefa'anö ia ba waö-waö wangi'ila ba matematika ma lamane ia sejarah matematika ya'ia da'ö ba wamareso hezo sibai mböröta we'aso nifotöi matematika, ba da'a lö ebolo sibai wangalui ya'ia, ba latohugö ba wamareso ngawalö metode faoma notasi matematika si no irai so ba zi no numalö.

Fatua lö ofeta ba ginötö modern simane iada'a, faoma fa'amuzaewe ngawalö wangi'ila ba zi sagörö ulidanö, duma-duma si no tesura moroi ba wamanöi fangi'ila ba matematika tola te falukahiasi lö dozi nahia. Sinura sifakhai ba matematika sabölö ara ma tola laŵa'ö ia si terkuno si no tefa'ila'ö ma si no lasöndra ya'ia da'ö sinura Plimpton 322 (matematika Babilonia ba ginötö döfi si 1900 SM),[1] Lembaran Matematika Rhind (Matematika Mesir sekitar 2000-1800 SM)[2] faoma Nga'örö Matematika Moskwa (matematika Mesir ba ndröfi si 1890 SM). Fefu zinura andrö, mamaehagö sifakhai ba teorema ma si no sa'ae la'ila niha ia da'a nifotöi teorema Pythagoras, hulö na tobali böröta wamanöi matematika fondrege za ra ba si no muzawili aröu aefa aritmetika dasar faoma geometri.

Fangi'ila moroi ba matematikawan Yunani no la odödögö ba wamareso ngawalö metode-metode (tetandrösaigö sibai ba wangi'ila ma lamane pengenalan penalaran deduktif faoma kekakuan matematika bakha ba pembuktian matematika) ba bawangebolo'ö tuho bahasan matematika.[3] Ŵa'a li "matematika" andre tehalö moroi ba wehede Yunani kuno, μάθημα (mathema), nifo'eluaha tuho wamahaö ma "mata pelajaran".[4] Matematika Cina no göi ufaehagö zinangea wodou'ö wangi'ila ba matematika andre, simane notasi posisional. Sistem bilangan Hindu-Arab ba goi-goi lala wangoguna'ö ya'ia, no la oguna'ö irugi ma'ökhö, ba no tedou wamanöi ya'ia ba ndraono sekola si möi kuliah ba ginötö milenium si'oföna Masehi bakha ba matematika India ba da'a tetohugö irugi ba danö Barat nifaehagö zangoguna'ö matematika Islam.[5][6] Matematika Islam, ba ginötönia, mamanöi ba mamazaewe ngawalö wangi'ila matematika ba ginötö da'ö.[7] Oya zinura moroi ba bahasa Yunani faoma Arab sifakhai ba matematika si no la'ali ba wehede Latin ba abad si-12, sinumalö ba wamanöi nasa wangi'ila ba matematika andre irgui ba Zaman Pertengahan Eropa.

Moroi ba zaman kuno sifakhai ba Zaman Pertengahan, fa'atedou wa'i'ila ma kreativitas matematika asese sibai hulö tefalangögö ia ba abad-abad fa lö hadöi fa'atedou ma kemandekan. Tebörögö me abad Renaisans Italia ba abad si-16, famanöi matematika sibohou, tefakhai ia ba wanöndra ngawalö wa'atua-tua ilmiah sibohou, lahaogö me pertumbuhan eksponensial si lö awöli-wöli irugi ma'ökhö.

Matematika prasejarah

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Matematika prasejarah te'olobigö ia ba wamanöi matematika ba zaman kuno sebelum masehi.

Asal mula pemikiran matematika terletak di dalam konsep bilangan, besaran, dan bangun.[8] Famareso sibohou ma modern sifakhai ba döla gurifö ma fosil binatang tefaehagö wa fangi'ila ma konsep da'a tenga sahöli-höli dödö ia ba niha. Lala wangi'ila ma konsep nitöfaigi ba wangi'ila da'a, no tobali duri mbewe ba niha sialu ero ma'ökhö. Wa lala wangi'ila ma konsep bilangan ma fangerai no tedou molo'ö inötö, sitobali lohe-lohe ba niha wa ba zi ha'uga bahasa zaman iada'a no latöngöni waehuta moroi ba wangerai si "sara", "dua", ba "oya nasa", ba hiza numero si töra moroi ba zidua, lö fao khönia wangerai.[8] Ondröita ma Benda matematika sabölö atua ndröfinia si no la'ila niha ya'ia da'ö tulang Lebombo, ni söndra ba hili ma pegunungan Lebombo ba Swaziland ba hiza tola manö moroi ba ndröfi si 35000 SM.[9] Töla da'a so ba zi 29 torehan sifabö'ö-bö'ö ni'odödögö nikhokhoi ba döla fibula ma tulang fibula baboon.[10] Tesöndra lohe-lohe wa ira alawe asese la'erai ba latöngöni na inötö alua mbaŵania ma siklus haid; 28 ofeta 30 nikhokhoi ba döla andrö mazui ba gara, ba tefatohu faoma tandra sifabö'ö.[11] Simanö göi artefak prasejarah no lasöndra ba Afrika faoma Prancis, moroi ba ndröfi 35.000 SM ba döfinia so ba zi 20.000 fakhe,[12] mangoroma'ö wa so wangodödögö ba wangerai inötö.[13]

Töla Ishango ma Tulang Ishango, lasöndra ba zahatö ba nidanö Sungai Nil (timur laut Kongo), so khönia misa dandra likhe nikhokhoi tölu lahe manganau ba döla andrö. Söndra molo'ö niha sito'öla ma Tafsiran umum ya'ia da'ö wa töla Ishango ma tulang Ishango mangombakha hewisa peragaan terkuno si no la'ila sifakhai ba wa'atoföfö ma barisan bilangan prima[10] mazui surambaŵa lunar önö waŵa.[14] Periode Predinastik Mesir moroi ba milenium si-5 SM, molo'ö grafis mamaehagö ngawalö khamötö dödö ba geometri. No so wanema'ö wa bangunan megalit ba Inggris faoma Skotlandia, moroi ba milenium si-3 SM, mangorudugö fefu zöndra geometri simane lingkaran, elips, faoma tripel Pythagoras ba zi no lafa'anö.[15]

Mesopotamia

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Matematika Babilonia tefaolo ba ngafu matematika nifanöi ba wangi'ila niha ba bangsa Mesopotamia iada'a banua Iraq) i'otarai memböröta ba Sumeria ofeta mböröta peradaban helenistik. Lafotöi "Matematika Babilonia" börö me tuho si no la'ohalöŵöigö zifakhai ba wangi'ila andre ba zisagörö Babilonia si tobali nahia ba wamaha'ö. Ba ginötö zaman peradaban helenistik Matematika Babilonia teforodugö ira Matematika Yunani faoma Mesir ba wamanöi ma ba wodou'ö Matematika Yunani. Aefa da'ö barö wamatörö Kekhalifahan Islam, Mesopotamia, tefaudugö sibai ba Baghdad, sitobali nahia ba wamahaö Matematika Islam.

Faehu ma'ifu moroi ba wa'ambö gumbu ba Matematika Mesir, fangi'ila ba Matematika Babilonia tefaehagö ia moroi ba gumbu danö la'uri 400 ngawua nikhao me döfi si 1850. Lasura la'uri andrö faoma sinura gosö-osö ma tulisan paku, hiza fanura ba la'uri andre, ba ginötö abasö-basö ba awena la bogö bawu ba galitö awena aefa da'ö la'okhoi'ö ba haga zino. Da'a lahaogö ia ba nomo-omo misa.

Si no tobali lohe-lohe matematika andre no tesura ia ni sura Sumeria ma bangsa Sumeria, samanöi peradaban kuno ba Mesopotamia. No lafanöi ngawalö wangi'ila ba sistem rumit ma molo'ö metrologi i'otarai me döfi si 3000 SM. Na lafaigi moroi ba ndröfi si 2500 SM, bangsa Sumeria no labörötaigö lahaogö wafa wanura ba wokali ma tabel perkalian nihaogöra ba la'uri, ba da'a tefakhai ia ba wangi'ila Geometri ba lala wangalui sinöndra sifakha ba wombagi. Lahe ma fangi'ila moroi ba sistem bilangan Babilonia no sambua wa'atedou wangi'ila ngawalö zifakhai ba matematika irugi mane ma'ökhö.[16]


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Umbu

  1. ↑ J. Friberg, "Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics. Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples, and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations", Historia Mathematica, 8, 1981, pp. 277—318.
  2. ↑ O. Neugebauer, "The Exact Sciences in Antiquity", Chap. IV "Egyptian Mathematics and Astronomy", 2nd ed., Dover, New York, 1969, pp. 71—96.
  3. ↑ Sir Thomas L. Heath, A Manual of Greek Mathematics, Dover, 1963, p. 1: "In the case of mathematics, it is the Greek contribution which it is most essential to know, for it was the Greeks who first made mathematics a science."
  4. ↑ Heath. A Manual of Greek Mathematics. hlm. 5. 
  5. ↑ Robert Kaplan, "The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero", Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, London, 1999
  6. ↑ "The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius." - Pierre Simon Laplace http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html
  7. ↑ A.P. Juschkewitsch, "Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter", Teubner, Leipzig, 1964
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Templat:Harv
  9. ↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LebomboBone.html
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Williams, Scott W. (2005). "The Oldest Mathematical Object is in Swaziland". Mathematicians of the African Diaspora. SUNY Buffalo mathematics department. Mufaigi me 2006-05-06. 
  11. ↑ Kellermeier, John (2003). "How Menstruation Created Mathematics". Ethnomathematics. Tacoma Community College. Arsip moroi versi asli irugi 2005-12-23. Mufaigi me 2006-05-06. 
  12. ↑ Benda matematika kuno
  13. ↑ "Matematika di Afrika bagian tengah sebelum pendudukan" (PDF). Arsip moroi versi asli (PDF) irugi 2012-02-07. Mufaigi me 2010-03-01. 
  14. ↑ Marshack, Alexander (1991): The Roots of Civilization, Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.
  15. ↑ Thom, Alexander, and Archie Thom, 1988, "The metrology and geometry of Megalithic Man", pp 132-151 in C.L.N. Ruggles, ed., Records in Stone: Papers in memory of Alexander Thom. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-33381-4.
  16. ↑ Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology Archived 2018-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, Third Millennium Mathematics. Universitas St. Lawrence.
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