Tomé Pires
Tomé Pires (1465?–1524 atau 1540)[1] adolah surang apoteker abaik ka-16 dari Lisbon, Portugis nan antaro 1512 inggo 1515 tingga di Malaka indak lamo sasudah kota ko ditaklukan Portugis, iyolah pado maso banso Eropa baru mulai datang ka Asia Tenggara. Satalah malalui pangalaman nan sarik di India dan Hindia Timua, inyo kudian mamimpin kadutaan rasmi patamo banso Eropa di Cino (ateh namo Portugis kapado Kaisar Zhengde dari Cino, pado maso Dinasti Ming), inggo wafaiknyo.
Pires adolah apoteker anak buah Afonso, Putra Mahkota Portugis nan banasik malang, iyolah anak Rajo Joao II dari Portugis. Pires pai ka India pado 1511, diangkek sabagai "pamareso ubek-ubek" (feitor das drogarias),[2] yaitu komoditas Timur nan adolah salah satu elemen pantiang dari nan umumnyo disabuik sabagai "padagangan rampah-rampah". Di Malaka jo Cochin inyo takun mangumpuaan dan mancataik informasi manganai wilayah Malaya-Indonesia, dan pai bakunjuang ka Jawa, Sumatera (kini duo pulau utamo Indonesia moderen) sarato Maluku.
Suma Oriental
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Dari babagai pajalanannyo di wilayah Malaya-Indonesia, inyo manulih buku tanamo tantang padagangan Asia, bajudua Suma Oriental que trata do Mar Roxo até aos Chins ('Karingkasan tantang Timua, dari Lauik Sirah inggo ka urang Cino'). Inyo manulih buku tu di Malaka dan India antaro 1512 dan 1515, nan salasai sabalun kamatian Afonso de Albuquerque (Desember 1515).[3]
Buku tu marupoan gambaran patamo urang Eropa tantang Malaya, sarato gambaran tatuo dan paliang langkok tantang Timur Portugis. Isinyo adolah kumpulan babagai informasi: sijarah, geografi, etnografi, tumbuah-tumbuahan, ekonomi, padagangan, jll., tamasuak pitih logam, ukuran barek jo timbangan. Pires taliti manyalidiki katapatan infomasi nan didapeknyo dari satiok saudaga, palauik, jo lainnyo nan basobok jo nyo. Pandangannyo taliek agak diskriminatif, walaupun ditulihnyo dalam bantuak prosa tasirek,[4] akan tatapi labaih elok daripado sado panulih Portugis lainyo di maso tu. Buku ko, nan ditulih sabagai laporan kapado Manuel dari Portugal dan kamungkinan untuak mamanuhi tugeh nan dibarikan sabalun maninggaan Lisbon,[5] dianggok sabagai salah satu sumber tangan patamo nan paliang taliti tantang geografi dan padagangan di Hindia maso tu, sarato tamasuak salah satu sumber kontemporer paliang pantiang manganai Islam di Indonesia. Sungguahpun indak dianggok bana-bana lapeh dari kaindak-akuratan dalam detilnyo, apo nan tatulih cukuik konsisten jo bukti-bukti di maso tu dan indak ado panyatoan nan sacaro fundamental kaliru manganai wilayah nan disabuikan. Buku ko cukuik dapek dibandiangan mutunyo jo sumber lain nan labiah tamusaua[6] yaitu buku karya Duarte Barbosa, sarato karya Garcia de Orta di kudian ari.
Suma Oriental, nan indak ditabikan[7] dan dianggok ilang inggo ditamuan dalam arsip taun 1944, mamuek juo tulisan patamo manganai 'kapulauan rampah-rampah', nan salah satunyo adolah Banda di Maluku,[8] nan mambuek banso Eropa tapikek untuak datang ka Indonesia. Detil isinyo "indak talampaui, dalam banyak hal, salamo labieh dari satu inggo duo abaik," damikian manuruik panyuntiang moderennyo, Armando Cortesão.[9] Suma Oriental diwakili dek sabuah manuskrip nan daulu lamo ilang di Paris. Ado pulo ditamuan ampek surek nan ditulih Pires, saratorujuakan nan tapisah-pisah tantangnyo dari tokoh nan sajaman, di antaronyo dalam surek dari Albuquerque kapado rajo, tangga 30 Nopember 1513.
Pires manyabuik babarapo namo kota di Tamil, Sarilangko nan dikunjuanginyo dalam pajalanannyo di dalam manuskripnyo, antaro lain Kali, Nigumbo, Celabão, dan Tenavarque, iyolah tampek komplek kuil tanamo Tenavarai.
Misi kadutaan 1516 ka Cino
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Taun 1516, Tomé Pires pai ka Canton (Guangzhou) manompang armada Fernão Pires de Andrade dan mamimpin delegasi kadutaan nan dikirm dek Rajo Manuel I kapado Kaisar Zhengde dari Cino.[10] Namun, inyo indak panah ditarimo dek kaisar, karano kamunduran nan tajadi, tamasuak kacurigaan pihak Cino dan siasaik dari Sultan Mahmud Shah dari Malaka nan diguliangkan Portugis taun 1511. Kaormatan kadutaan jatuah, babarapo anggotanyo pun tabunuah, dan sasudahnyo tajadi periode paaniayoan urang Portugis salamo tigo dekade di Cino. Tomé Pires disabuikan wafaik akibaik panyakik pado 1524 di Cino, walau ado pulo nan manyabuik inyo taruih iduik inggo 1540 di Jiangsu, tapi dilarang manginggaan Cino.
Iko adolah delegasi kaduataan rasmi patamo sabuah nagara Eropa ka Cino, satalah Giovanni de' Marignolli nan dikirim dek Paus (ka Beijing antaro 1342 inggo 1345).
Caliak pulo
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Fernão Pires de Andrade
- Jorge Álvares
- History of Indonesia
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Catatan kaki
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ Madureira, 150–151.
- ↑ (Pires 1990:xi)
- ↑ This is inferred from the tenor of his references to Albuquerque (Pires 1990:lxiii).
- ↑ "His style is far from clear," his modern editor has noted (Pires 1990:lxxiii) "and no doubt it often becomes more confused, owing to the transcriber's mistakes."
- ↑ Armando Cortesão, introduction to Pires 1990:lxxiii
- ↑ Barbosa's work was translated into Spanish and Italian and published several times in the sixteenth century.
- ↑ An excerpt was published anonymously by Giovanni Battista Ramusio
- ↑ Muller, Karl (1997). Pickell, David. ed. Maluku: Indonesian Spice Islands. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 86. ISBN 962-593-176-7.
- ↑ Armando Cortesão, introduction to Pires 1990:xix.
- ↑ Detailed information on this embassy in Tomé Pires, Armando Cortesão, Francisco Rodrigues, The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: The Suma oriental of Tome Pires, books 1-5, Introduction p.27 - 32, Armando Cortesão, Publisher Asian Educational Services, 1990, ISBN 81-206-0535-7
Bahan bacoan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Luis Madureira. "Tropical Sex Fantasies and the Ambassador's Other Death: The Difference in Portuguese Colonialism," Cultural Critique (Number 28; Fall of 1994): 149–173.
- Muller, Karl, and David Pickell (eds) (1997). Maluku: Indonesian Spice Islands. (Singapore: Periplus Editions), p. 86.
- (Pires 1990) Armando Cortesão, The 'Suma Oriental' of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, 2 vols., (1944) 1990. (A 2005 reprint of this book on Google Books)
- Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (edisi ke-2nd). London: MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
- Albuquerque, L. “Tomé Pires”, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 10, p. 616.
- Cortesão, A. A propósito do ilustre boticário quinhentista Tomé Pires., Revista Portuguesa de Farmácia, 13,3 (1963), p. 298-307.
Bacoan lanjutan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Cortesão, A. A Suma Oriental de Tomé Pires e o Livro de Francisco Rodrigues. Coimbra, 1978.
- Cortesão, A. Primeira embaixada europeia à China. o boticário e embaixador Tomé Pires. Lisboa, 1945.
- Dias, J. Lopes. Medicinas da 'Suma Oriental' de Tomé Pires. Porto, 1947. Sep. ``Jornal do Médico, vol. 9, n.º 208, pp. 76-83.
- Dias, J. P. Sousa. A Farmácia em Portugal. Uma introdução à sua história. 1338-1938. Lisboa: ANF, 1994.
- Loureiro, Rui M. O manuscrito de Lisboa da "Suma Oriental" de Tomé Pires (Contribuição para uma edição crítica). Macau: Instituto Português do Oriente, 1996.
- Donald Ferguson, ed (1902). Title Letters from Portuguese captives in Canton, written in 1534 & 1536: with an introduction on Portuguese intercourse with China in the first half of the sixteenth century. Educ. Steam Press, Byculla. http://books.google.com/books?id=4njUAAAAMAAJ&dq=mandaris&q=mandaris#v=snippet&q=mandaris&f=false.horizontal tab character in
|title=at position 6 (help) - letters from the survivors of the Pires' embassy, imprisoned in Canton. According to Cortesão's later research, the letters were actually written in 1524.