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Kasar Inyamurai

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Kasar Inyamurai
yankin taswira
Bayanai
Yaren hukuma Harshen, Ibo
Ƙasa Najeriya
Babban birni jahar Enugu
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 6°27′10″N 7°30′37″E / 6.4527°N 7.5103°E / 6.4527; 7.5103
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaNajeriya
Igbo traditions
An Igbo couple

Ƙasar Inyamurai (Standard Igbo),[1][2] wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya (amma ya wuce kudu maso kudancin Najeriya), shi ne asalin mahaifar ƙabilar Igbo.[3][4] yanki ne na al'adu da na harshe gama gari a kudancin Najeriya. A geographically, an raba shi da ƙananan kogin Neja zuwa kashi biyu: gabas (mafi girma na biyu) da kuma yamma.[5] Yawan al'ummarta yana da al'adun Igbo iri-iri da masu magana da harsunan Igbo iri-iri iri-iri.[6][3] :307[7] :315

A siyasance, an raba yankin Igbo zuwa jihohin kudancin Najeriya da dama; A al'adance, ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Anioma, Ngwa, Aro, da Ezza, da Ibeku, da Ohuhu, da Ikwerre, da Ogba, da Omuma, da Ohafia, da Oyigbo, da Mbaise, da Isu da Ekpeye.

Iyakokin yanki

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Ƙasar Igbo na kewaye da manyan koguna daga ko’ina, da sauran ƙabilu na kudanci da tsakiyar Najeriya, wato Igala, Tiv, Yako, Idoma da Ibibio. A cikin kalmomin William B. Baikie kuma,

“Mazaunan kabilar Ibo, sun mamaye gabas da yamma a yankin Neja-Delta wanda mallakar Middle-belt, wanda a da ake kira Bendel, tun daga tsohon kogin Kalabar zuwa gabar kogin Kwora, kogin Neja, kuma suna zaune a wani yanki a Aboh. ƙabilar Ibo, zuwa yammacin rafi. A arewa ta yi iyaka da Igara da Igala da A’kpoto, kuma kananan kabilu ne kawai ke raba ta da teku, wadanda duk sun samo asali ne daga wannan babban jinsin.”[7]:307

Ta fara daga yankin dajin Lowland na Najeriya, ana kuma iya samun su a wasu sassan Neja-Delta. Anan magoya bayan kogin Neja suka fito zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika a cikin tarin ramukan.[8]

Matsugunan da aka fara ganowa na ƙasar Igbo sun kasance a shekara ta 4500 BC a tsakiyar yankin, inda aka yi imanin yawancin al'ummar Igbo sun yi ƙaura. Masarautar Nri ta arewacin ƙasar Igbo, wacce ta tashi a kusan karni na 10 miladiyya, ana ganin ita ne tushen yawancin al'adu, da ayyukan addini na Igbo. Ita ce sarauta mafi daɗewa a Najeriya a yau. A kudancin ƙasar Igbo ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun haɓaka, wanda mafi shaharar su shine ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy.

A karshen karni na 19, kasar Igbo ta zama wani yanki na Kudancin Najeriya mai kariya na Daular Burtaniya kuma an hade shi zuwa Najeriya a dunƙule a shekarar 1914. Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960.[3] Ba da daɗewa ba ƙasar Igbo ta shiga cikin yaki mafi girma a lokacin yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Yaƙin ya ƙare ne a shekarar 1970, lokacin da sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi galaba a rikicin.

Labarin kasa da halittu

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A tarihance, yankin Igbo ta mamaye wani yanki mai yawa na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, galibi a gefen gabashin kogin Kogin Neja. Yankinsu ya mamaye yammacin Neja zuwa yankunan Aniocha, Ndokwa, Ukwuani, da Ika a jihar Delta a yau. Kogin Cross River ne ya ƙare gefensa na gabas, kodayake ƙananan al'ummomin sun wanzu a wancan gefen kogin; Yankin arewacinta ya shiga yanayin Savannah a kusa da Nsukka .

Nkanu West, Enugu

A Najeriya a yau, yankin Igbo ta mamaye kusan jihohin Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Delta ta Arewa da Rivers.[9] Fiye da mutane miliyan 30 ne ke zaune a ƙasar Igbo kuma tare da yawan jama'a daga 350 to 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (140 to 390/km2)[10] zai iya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka bayan Kogin Nile.[11][12] Gabaɗaya ƙasar Igbo tana da yanki kusan 15,800 to 16,000 square miles (41,000 to 41,000 km2).[1][13]

Hanyoyin ciniki na zamunan baya

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An tsara al’adun Inyamurai ne ta yanayin dazuzzukan da suke ciki, da dadadden cinikin da yake yi a rafuka, hijira, da tarihin zamantakewa tsakanin kabilu da jama’arta daban-daban. Abokan huldar kasuwanci na da, abokan hulda, da kuma kwanan baya ta hanyar hulda da Turawa.[3]

Wani dan kasuwa a tsakiyar karni na sha tara WB Baikie ya ce, "Nayi amfani da dama, kuma, ta wurin fassararmu, na gaya wa Tshukuma, cewa mun zo ne don mu san shi da abota, da kuma tabbatar da ko mutane suna son yin kasuwanci da mu." Ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da sarkin Igbo, Tshukuma (Chukwuma) Obi daga dangin Aboh, daya daga cikin manyan kabilar Igbo, wadanda suka fara kasuwanci da Turai . :45Hakazalika, Baikie ya ba da labarin cewa, "bayan gaisuwarmu, na yi magana game da abokantaka, kasuwanci, da ilimi, kuma na kara fadada kan illolin yaki, da kuma fa'idar zaman lafiya, wanda duk ya samu karbuwa sosai", lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1885 tare da Ezebogo, sarkin Igbo a Asaba.[6]:296

Saboda ma'aunin harshe na gama gari da kuma al'adun da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar Inyamurai, ƙananan yarukan kogin Neja, wanda ya raba yankin Inyamurai zuwa gabas da yamma, ya samar da hanyoyin sadarwa cikin sauƙi, kasuwanci da haɗin kai a tsakanin Inyamurai a bangarorin biyu na kogin. . :300Har ila yau, ta nan aka samaun damar yin cinikayya da kuma tafiye-tafiye na mutane zuwa ƙasar Inyamurai, da kuma tsakanin Igbo da sauran kasashen duniya. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin kasuwanci da fitar da kayayyaki a cikin ƙasar Igbo sun haɗa da shahararriyar ƙananan hanyoyin Niger da tafkin Njaba - tafkin Oguta - hanyoyin kewayawa na Orashi ta hanyar Asaba - Onitsha - Aboh,[7]:315[14] and Awo-omamma - Oguta - Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni - Aboh Ferry services, bi da bi.[7]:300[15]

Tarihi

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Zamanin baya

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Akwai shaidar tsofaffin zamunan duwatsu wato "Late Stone Age" (tsaffin duwatsun Paleolithic) kasancewar ɗan adam daga aƙalla shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata.[16] Farkon matsugunan yankin Inymurai an yi shi ne a shekara ta 6000 BC bisa ga tukwane da aka samu a Okigwe, Oka Igwe, wanda aka fi sani da Awka a yau.[17] A cikin 1978 wata tawagar karkashin jagorancin Thurstan Shaw, tare da Jami'ar Najeriya a Nsukka, sun hako dutsen dutse. Sun gano cewa ma'adanin ne na kayan aiki da tukwane don yin 'wayewar dutse' kusa da Ibagwa . Masana ilimin dan adam a jami'ar Benin sun gano burbushin halittu da kuma amfani da kasusuwa da aka yi tun shekara ta 4500 BC a Ngodo da ke cikin garin Uturu. [18] An gano ƙarin shaida na tsoffin ƙauyuka a abin da masu bincike suka yi imanin na iya zama yankin al'adun ƙarfe na Nsukka daga 3000 BC, kuma daga baya ƙauyukan da aka danganta ga al'adun Ngwa a AD 8-18. Ba a dai san irin alakar al'adu tsakanin wadannan kayayyakin tarihi na tarihi da al'ummar yankin a yau ba. Daga baya matsugunin dan Adam a yankin na iya samun alaka da wasu binciken da aka yi a yankin, musamman ma al'adun da ke da alaka da binciken terracotta a Nok, wanda ya mamaye wani yanki mai fadi a arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya a yau.

Wasu mazauna ƙauyen suna riƙe da abin da suka yi imani na asali na daga sunayen ƙauyukan, kamar su Umuzuoka, Maƙeran Maƙera, Kigwe, Ịmọka, da sauransu. 

Yankin Nsukka-Okigwe ya zama tushen tushen tsarin al'adun Proto-Igbo wanda ya riga ya kasance ga al'adun Igbo na zamani. An yi imanin cewa yawancin al'ummar Igbo sun samo asali daga ƙaramin yanki a cikin wannan yanki, inda suka rikiɗe zuwa ƙabilu masu zaman kansu na Igbo, ƙungiyoyin ƙauye, masarautu da jahohi. Gabaɗaya ƙungiyoyin sun kasu kashi biyu na ƙaura: ƙungiyar 'yan arewa da ta faɗaɗa gaɓar kogin Nijer da babban kwata na kogin Cross River; dayan kuma bin hanyar kudu, ya taso ne daga al'ummar Isu da ke kusa da kuryar da mafi yawan al'ummomin kudancin Igbo suka fito. Mbaise sune mafi kyawun misalan ƙungiyar Igbo da ke da'awar autochthony; sun yi watsi da ka'idodin tarihin ƙaura da yawa game da asalinsu. Dangane da kusancin al'adu da na makwabtansu, da alakar iyali da siyasa, da yawa daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyin da alama al'ada ce ta arewa ko kudancin Igbo.

Gano Igbo-Ukwu (AD 300-900)

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An image of a bronze bowl from the Igbo archaeological site known as Igbo ukwu
Igbo-Ukwu wuri ne na farkon masana'antar tagulla na asali wanda aka sake ganowa a karni na 20. Yawancin abubuwan da aka gano abubuwa ne na al'ada kamar wannan jirgin ruwan tagulla na karni na 9.

An tsinci karfe na farko na Igbo Ukwu na daga kayan tarihi masu daraja an yi su ne a shekarar 1939, lokacin da wani mazaunin garin mai suna Isiah Anozie ya same su a cikin aikin tona rijiya. Wannan ya haifar da gano babbar hanyar sadarwa na ayyukan ƙarfe da aka haɗa daga karni na 9. Ayyukan sun kasance a cikin Igbo Ukwu. Ƙungiyoyin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da Thurstan Shaw suka jagoranta sun sami ƙarin binciken a cikin 1959-60, kuma a cikin 1964 a cikin fili na Jonah Anozie.

Da farko dai, a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, masana sun yi imanin cewa, an yi kayayyakin Ibo Ukwu da jan karfe da tagulla da aka samu a nan a wani waje kuma kayan ciniki ne, ko kuma fasahar waje ta rinjayi su saboda fasahar zamani. An bayyana akasin haka: an yi amfani da ajiyar tagulla a cikin gida tun karni na 9 kuma shaidun ɗan adam, irin su Ichi-kamar scarifications a kan alkaluman ɗan adam, sun nuna abubuwan asalin al'adun Igbo ne. Tun daga lokacin an danganta ayyukan ga masana'antar tagulla ta keɓe, wacce ta ci gaba ba tare da tasirin waje ba tsawon lokaci kuma ta kai ga haɓaka.

Hanyoyin kasuwancin Inyamurai na farkon karni na biyu sun isa har garuruwan Makka, Madina da Jeddah ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da 'yan tsakiya ke bi. An gano beads da suka samo asali a Indiya a ƙarni na 9 a wuraren da aka binne 'yan kabilar Igbo Ukwu: An gano dubunnan ƙullun gilashi daga rugujewar rigar wani mai martaba. Wurin binnewa yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Nri, wacce ta fara kusan karni ɗaya, bisa ga tarihin ƴan asalin.[19]

Masarautar Nri (900–c. 1560)

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Masarautar Igbo ta Nri ta arewa, wacce ta soma daga karni na 10 bisa al'adun Umunri, ana danganta ta da tushen yawancin al'adu, al'adu, da ayyukan addini na Igbo. Ita ce sarauta mafi dadewa a Najeriya a yau. A tsakiyar karni na 10 ne aka ce Allah Eri ya yi hijira, a cewar Umunri lore, zuwa Anambra ( Igbo ). ) Basin kogi — musamman a taronsa da kogin Ezu wanda aka fi sani da Ezu na Omambara a Aguleri na yau. Ba a san ainihin asalin Eri ba kuma yawancin al'adun Nri sun gabatar da shi a matsayin shugaba na allahntaka da farar hula da aka aiko daga sama don fara wayewa. Sabanin haka, asalin Eri gabaɗaya yana nuna asalin arewa maso gabas wanda ya haifar da muhawara dangane da yuwuwar Igala (ba gaskiya bane) dangane da asalin Eri.

Saboda cinikai na tarihi da ƙaura na da, wasu mutane kuma sun shiga ƙasar Inyamurai a kusan ƙarni na sha huɗu ko na sha biyar kuma sun cakuɗe da ƴan asalin ƙasar. A yammacin karshen yankin Igbo, da ke gabar kogin Neja, wani mutumi da aka fi sani da Eze Chima ya tashi daga Benin tare da abokan aikinsa bayan rikici da Oba na Benin wanda ya yi gudun hijira a shekarun 1560. Yayin da suka tashi daga birnin Benin zuwa gabas, Eze Chima da mabiyansa sun zauna a kasashe da dama tare da kafa masarautu tare da 'yan asalin yankin.[3] Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa Eze Chima ya fito ne daga Ife sakamakon Ekaladeran, wani basaraken Bini da ya yi hijira zuwa Ife daga Bini ya kwace asalin sarakunan Ibo. . Igbo ne asalin Ife kafin 1300.[20][21] Waɗannan sun girma zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙauye da garuruwa bayan ƙarni na 16.[3] A dunkule, ana kiran wadannan wurare da Umuezechima wanda ke fassara a matsayin 'ya'ya ko zuriyar sarki Chima'.

Yaƙin Igbo da haduwa da Turawa (1450-1750)

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Kasashen Inyamurai a da an fi sanin su da Ibo (e), Ebo (e), da Ibwo Ƙasar Ibwo a tarihi an san su da Ibo (e) da kuma Ƙasar Ibwo a farkon masu binciken Turai.[22][23][24][25][26] Kasar Inyamurai dai ta samu galaba a hannun daular Burtaniya bayan shekaru da dama na tsayin daka ta kowane bangare; wasu daga cikin fitattun ‘yan adawa sun hada da kungiyar Ekumeku, yakin Anglo-Aro, da rikicin mata na Aba wanda matan kabilu daban-daban suka bayar a gabashin Najeriya.

Arochukwu da cinikin bayi (1750-1850)

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  Matsaloli da dama sun tashi kai tsaye ko a kaikaice sakamakon Nri; Masarautar da ta fi karfi a cikin wadannan ita ce kungiyar Aro Confederacy wacce ta tashi a yankin Kuros Riba a karni na 17 kuma ta ragu bayan turawan mulkin mallaka a farkon karni na 20. Jihar Aro ta mai da hankali kan Arochukwu ta biyo bayan koma bayan da Nri ya samu a kai a kai, inda ya danganta yawancin ayyukanta na tattalin arziki kan karuwar cinikin bayi ga turawa da matsakaita daga mutanen Afirka ke yi.

A halin yanzu wurin da ake kira Arochukwu, asalinsa mutanen Ibibio ne suka zauna a karkashin masarautar Obong Okon Ita kafin cin galabarsu inda ta zamo Obinkita a karni na 17 da manyan kungiyoyin Igbo guda biyu suka yi: dangin Eze Agwu da Oke Nnachi wadanda Ibom Isi suka taimaka masa (ko Akpa) sojojin haya a karkashin jagorancin daular Nnubi. Agwu Inobia, zuriyar Nna Uru daga Abiriba ne ke jagoranta, dangin Eze Agwu sun kasance ne a babban birninsu wat Amanagwu inda mutanen Obong Okon Ita suka yi musu turjiya wanda ya kai ga fara yakin Aro-Ibibio.

Yaƙin da farko ya zama jiya ayau. Bangarorin biyu sun shirya daurin aure tsakanin Sarkin Obong Okon Ita da wata mata daga Amanagwu. Auren ya kasa kawo zaman lafiya amma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin. Oke Nnachi ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Nnachi Ipia wanda dibia ne ko limamin coci a cikin mutanen Edda kuma Agwu Inobia ne ya kira shi ya taimaka a yakin da ake yi da Ibibio. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun biyo bayan wata kungiya ta uku wadda ba ta kabilar Igbo ta Ekoi ba, wato Akpa ko Ibom Oburutu wadanda Akuma Nnaubi, na farko Eze Aro, na sarautar Sarkin Aro ke jagoranta.

A kudancin kasar Igbo, kungiyoyi da dama sun samu yancin kai daga mulkin Nri. Galibin wadannan kungiyoyin sun biyo bayan hijira ne daga al'ummar Isu a jihar Imo a yau, kodayake wasu al'ummomi, irin su kungiyar Mbaise na kauyukan gefe, sun yi ikirarin cewa su ne 'yan asalin yankin.

Zamanin Mulkin Turawa (1850-1960)

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A picture of a panorama of the Nigerian city of Enugu which is considered the Igbo capital
Enugu, babban birnin tsohon yankin Gabashin Najeriya.

Bayan da majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta soke cinikin bayi a shekarar 1807, sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun bude kasuwanci da garuruwan Bonny da Opobo da ke gabar teku da kuma har zuwa cikin kasar Nijar tare da Asaba a shekarun 1870. Masana'antar dabino, wacce ita ce mafi girma da ake fitarwa, ta girma kuma tana da mahimmanci ga Burtaniya da ke kasuwanci a nan. Zuwan Birtaniyya da kasuwancinsu ta haifar da karuwar cin karo da juna tsakanin Inyamurai da sauran hukumomi da kabilun da ke kusa da Kogin Neja wanda ya haifar da zurfafa fahimtar asalin kabilar Ibo. Masu mishan sun fara isowa a cikin 1850s. Ibo, da farko sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da addinin, sun fara rungumar addinin Kiristanci da ilimin Yammacin duniya, yayin da al’ummar gargajiya ta lalace. Kiristanci ya taka rawa sosai wajen shigar da akidun Turawa a cikin al'ummar Igbo da al'adun Igbo sau da yawa ta hanyar shafe ayyukan al'adu; Sau da yawa an hana masu bin mazhabobi wajen shiga cikin tsoffin al'adu da al'adu, kuma an hana shiga ƴan'uwa da ƙungiyoyin asiri yayin da cocin ke ƙaruwa.[27]

Saboda rashin daidaituwar tsarin mulkin da ake yi wa Inyamurai na mulkin kai tsaye na Birtaniyya, mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a yankin ya kasance da tashe-tashen hankula da firgici.[28] Karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin manyan kabilun Najeriya ya ragu sannu a hankali, kuma bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Inyamurai da sauran manyan kabilu, kamar Hausawa da Yarbawa, ya kara kaimi.[29] Mulkin ingila ya kawo sauye-sauye a al'adu kamar gabatar da sarakunan gargagajiya kamar Eze (sarakunan gargajiya) inda babu irin wadannan masarautu.[30]

'Yancin Najeriya da yakin basasa (1960s)

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Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 1960, yawancin kasashen Inyamurai sun kasance cikin yankin Gabashin Najeriya.

Tutar Jamhuriyar Biafra (1967-1970), wani lokaci ana daukarta a matsayin tutar kabilar Igbo.

Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1966 wanda akasarin sojojin kabilar Inyamurai ke kashe 'yan siyasa daga yankunan yammaci da arewacin Najeriya, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya kwace iko da birnin Legas, babban birnin kasar, ya kuma hau mulki a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya. A cikin tawaye da ramuwar gayya ga gwamnatin Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi, wasu sojojin Arewa ne suka yi masa kwanton bauna tare da kashe shi a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1966 a wata tawaye da akayi wanda ke dauke da kabilanci mai tsanani. Kashe Ironsi ya yi kaurin suna, saboda salon da aka bi aka kashe shi; An daure kafafun Ironsi a bayan wata mota kirar Land Rover kuma an ja shi ana zagaye gari dashi. Yankin Gabashin Najeriya ta zamo tushen Jamhuriyar Biyafra. Majalisar shiyya ta al'ummar Gabashin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar ballewar yankin a matsayin Jamhuriyar Biafra a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1967.[31]

Janar Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu na Najeriya a wannan rana ya ayyana 'yancin kai ga Biafra daga Najeriya kuma ya zama shugaban sabuwar jamhuriya.[32] Yakin basasar Najeriya (ko "Yakin Najeriya da Biafra") ya kasance daga 6 ga Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970, bayan haka Biafra ta sake zama wani yanki na Najeriya.[31][32] Anci Jamhuriyar Biyafara da yaki bayan yakin da aka kwashe shekaru uku da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya daga 1967 zuwa 1970 tare da tallafin soji daga kasar Birtaniya (dabarun da harsasai), Tarayyar Soviet (harsashi), da hadaddiyar daular Larabawa ( sojojin sama), kamar yadda haka kuma tare da tallafi daga wasu jahohin duniya. Illar dabarun yakin Najeriya irinsu yunwa ga farar hular Biafra (wadanda akasarin su 'yan kabilar Igbo ne) ya zamo batun tattaunawa. An ci gaba da fafutukar neman yancin Biafra tare da wasu tsiraru, mafi yawan su daga kungiyar MASSOB .

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Planting and watering the grass of Ala Igbo for a new era". 2 January 2020.
  2. ↑ "Origin of Igbo tribe ☛ versions and myths". 12 February 2018.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Slattery, Katharine. "The Igbo People - Origins & History". www.faculty.ucr.edu. School of English, Queen's University of Belfast. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  4. ↑ Baikie (1854) uses I´gbo as the term for Igboland: "I´gbo, as I have formerly mentioned, extends east and west, from the Old Kalabár river to the banks of the Kwóra, and possesses also some territory at Abó to the westward of the latter stream." (p. 307).
  5. ↑ Slattery, Katharine. "The Igbo People - Origins & History". www.faculty.ucr.edu. School of English, Queen's University of Belfast. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chigere, Nkem Hyginus (2000). Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland: Igboland and The Igbo People of Nigeria. Transaction Publishers, USA. p. 17. ISBN 3-8258-4964-3. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Baikie, William Balfour (1856). "Narrative of an Exploring Voyage up the rivers of Kwora and Binue (commonly known as Niger and Tsádda) in 1854 with a map and appendices". ia600303.us.archive.org. John Mueray, Albemarle Street (published with a sanction of Her Majesty's Government). Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  8. ↑ Oriji, John N. (2011). Political Organisation in Nigeria since the late Stone Age, A History of the Igbo People. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. doi:10.1057/9780230116689. ISBN 978-1-349-38369-6.
  9. ↑ Uchem, Rose N. (2001). Overcoming Women's Subordination in the Igbo African Culture and in the Catholic Church: Envisioning an Inclusive Theology with Reference to Women. Universal-Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 1-58112-133-4.
  10. ↑ Ezeokana, Jude Obinna (1999). Divorce: Its Psychological Effects on the Divorced Women and Their Children: A Study on the Igbos of Southern Nigeria. Peter Lang. p. 22. ISBN 0-8204-3634-8.
  11. ↑ Eze-Uzomaka, Pamela Ifeoma (2000). Museums, archaeologists and indigenous people: archaeology and the public in Nigeria. Archaeopress. p. 79. ISBN 1-84171-200-0.
  12. ↑ Chigere, p. 22.
  13. ↑ Edeh, Emmanuel M. P. (1985). Towards an Igbo metaphysics. Loyola University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8294-0460-0.
  14. ↑ "Asaba". www.britannica.com. The Britanica. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  15. ↑ Mockler, Augustus.F-Ferryman. Up the Niger (1856-1930). p. 236.
  16. ↑ "When did Christianity came to Igbo land?". colors-newyork.com. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  17. ↑ "When did Christianity came to Igbo land?". colors-newyork.com. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  18. ↑ Oliver Ifeanyi Anyabolu, Nigeria, past to the present: from 500 B.C. to the present (2000), p. 12.
  19. ↑ Apley, Apley. "Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  20. ↑ "Ezechima:Last prince of Ile Ife". Republicreporters.com. April 2015.
  21. ↑ Offokaja, Prince Charles (2012). "Obatala Igbo King". Igbodefender.com.
  22. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul (2000). Identity in the Shadow of Slavery. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 0-8264-4725-2.
  23. ↑ Floyd, E. Randall (2002). In the Realm of Ghosts and Hauntings. Harbor House. p. 51. ISBN 1-891799-06-1.
  24. ↑ Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Robert Brock Le Page (2002). A Dictionary of Jamaican English (2nd ed.). University of the West Indies Press. p. 168. ISBN 976-640-127-6.
  25. ↑ Equiano, Olaudah (1837). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. I. Knapp. p. 27.
  26. ↑ Obichere, Boniface I. (1982). Studies in Southern Nigerian History: A Festschrift for Joseph Christopher Okwudili Anene 1918–68. Routledge. p. 207. ISBN 0-7146-3106-X.
  27. ↑ Ilogu, Edmund (1974). Christianity and Ibo Culture. Brill Archive. p. 63. ISBN 90-04-04021-8.
  28. ↑ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press. p. 674. ISBN 1-57958-245-1.
  29. ↑ Afigbo, A. E. (1992). Groundwork of Igbo history. Lagos: Vista Books. pp. 522–541. ISBN 978-134-400-8.
  30. ↑ Furniss, Graham; Elizabeth Gunner; Liz Gunner (1995). Power, Marginality and African Oral Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-521-48061-2.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Mathews, Martin P. (2002). Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 1-59033-316-0.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Bocquené, Henri; Oumarou Ndoudi; Gordeen Gorder (2002). Memoirs of a Mbororo: The Life of Ndudi Umaru, Fulani Nomad of Cameroon. Berghahn Books. p. 285. ISBN 1-57181-844-8.

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