iubeo

Latin

Alternative forms

• jubeō

Etymology

From Old Latin ioubeō, from Proto-Italic *jouðeō, from earlier *jouðejō, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“set in upright motion”), likely an extension of *h₂ey- (“life, age”). Indirectly cognate with iūrō and iūs, aevum and iūgis, and possibly with imitor and imāgō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈi̯u.be.oː/, [ˈi̯ʊbeoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈju.be.o/, [ˈjuːbeo]

Verb

iubeō (present infinitive iubēre, perfect active iussī, supine iussum); second conjugation

1. (Old Latin, Classical Latin) to authorize, to legitimate, to make lawful, to homologate, to pass (a bill or law or decision)
   • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 1028–1030:

     MESS. Sic sine igitur, si tuom negas me esse, abire liberum.
     MEN. Mea quidem hercle causa liber esto atque ito quo voles.
     MESS. Nempe iubes?
     MEN. Iubeo hercle, si quid imperi est in te mihi.

     MESS. Very well then, sir, if you say I'm not yours, let me go free.
     MEN. Lord, man, be free so far as I am concerned, and go where you like.
     MESS. So you authorize me, indeed?
     MEN. Lord, yes I authorize it, if I am supposed to decide over you.

2. to bid, to command, to order

   Synonyms: imperō, praecipiō, praescrībō, ēdīcō, mandō, iniungō, dictō, indīcō, pōnō

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.576–578:

     “[...] Equidem per lītora certōs
     dīmittam, et Libyae lūstrāre extrēma iubēbō,
     sī quibus ēiectus silvīs aut urbibus errat.”

     “For my part, I shall send forth reliable [men] along the shores, and order [them] to search the furthest edges of Libya, [to see] whether the shipwrecked [Aeneas] wanders some woods or towns.” – Queen Dido

   • Cūr nōn illam hūc trānsferrī iubēs? :

     why don't you command her to be brought over hither?

Conjugation

Conjugation of iubeō (second conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	iubeō	iubēs	iubet	iubēmus	iubētis	iubent
	imperfect	iubēbam	iubēbās	iubēbat	iubēbāmus	iubēbātis	iubēbant
	future	iubēbō	iubēbis	iubēbit	iubēbimus	iubēbitis	iubēbunt
	perfect	iussī	iussistī	iussit	iussimus	iussistis	iussērunt, iussēre
	pluperfect	iusseram	iusserās	iusserat	iusserāmus	iusserātis	iusserant
	future perfect	iusserō	iusseris	iusserit	iusserimus	iusseritis	iusserint
	sigmatic future1	iussō	iussis	iussit	iussimus	iussitis	iussint
passive	present	iubeor	iubēris, iubēre	iubētur	iubēmur	iubēminī	iubentur
	imperfect	iubēbar	iubēbāris, iubēbāre	iubēbātur	iubēbāmur	iubēbāminī	iubēbantur
	future	iubēbor	iubēberis, iubēbere	iubēbitur	iubēbimur	iubēbiminī	iubēbuntur
	perfect	iussus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	iussus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	iussus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	iussor	iusseris	iussitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	iubeam	iubeās	iubeat	iubeāmus	iubeātis	iubeant
	imperfect	iubērem	iubērēs	iubēret	iubērēmus	iubērētis	iubērent
	perfect	iusserim	iusserīs	iusserit	iusserīmus	iusserītis	iusserint
	pluperfect	iussissem	iussissēs	iussisset	iussissēmus	iussissētis	iussissent
	sigmatic aorist1	iussim	iussīs	iussīt	iussīmus	iussītis	iussint
passive	present	iubear	iubeāris, iubeāre	iubeātur	iubeāmur	iubeāminī	iubeantur
	imperfect	iubērer	iubērēris, iubērēre	iubērētur	iubērēmur	iubērēminī	iubērentur
	perfect	iussus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	iussus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	iubē	—	—	iubēte	—
	future	—	iubētō	iubētō	—	iubētōte	iubentō
passive	present	—	iubēre	—	—	iubēminī	—
	future	—	iubētor	iubētor	—	—	iubentor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		iubēre	iussisse	iussūrum esse	iubērī	iussum esse	iussum īrī
participles		iubēns	—	iussūrus	—	iussus	iubendus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		iubendī	iubendō	iubendum	iubendō	iussum	iussū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Synonyms

• imperō, mandō, praecipiō

Derived terms

• iussiō
• iussus

Descendants

• → Italian: iubere

References

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• “jubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “iubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
    
  • to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
    
  • to greet a person: aliquem salvere iubere (Att. 4. 14)
    
  • I bid you good-bye, take my leave: te valere iubeo
    
  • to separate from, divorce (of the man): aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (Phil. 2. 28. 69)
    
  • to reject a bill: legem antiquare (opp. accipere, iubere)
    
  • to ratify a law (used of the people): legem iubere
    
  • to declare a law valid: legem ratam esse iubere
    
  • the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly): lex iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)
    
  • to banish a man from his native land: e patria exire iubere aliquem
    
  • the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that..: senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut
    
  • good luck to you: macte virtute (esto or te esse iubeo)
    
• Willi, Andreas (2001) “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, number 1. H., →DOI, pages 117–146