Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fastuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *fastaz, *fastijaz

Etymology

Connected with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, “firm, steady, standing still, tough; thick, dense, broad”), possibly also Sanskrit पस्त्य n (pastyá, “stall, stable ← stable habitation”), पस्त्या f (pastyā́, “homestead, dwelling, household”), and usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pastV- (“solid, stable”). Kroonen separates the Sanskrit and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root for Armenian and Germanic as *pHst-, according to him from earlier *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-, a compound of *peh₂ǵ- (“to become firm”) (compare Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “to fasten, fix, make solid”)) and *steh₂- (“to stand”).

However, according to Martirosyan “we are hardly dealing with a Proto-Indo-European word,” rather a substrate word shared by Armenian, Germanic, and possibly also Indo-Aryan. See հաստ (hast) for more on this.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑs.tuz/

Adjective

*fastuz

1. fixed, firm, secure

Inflection

Declension of *fastuz (u-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*fastuz	*fastijai	*fastī	*fastijôz	*fastų, *-jatō	*fastijō
accusative	*fastijanǭ	*fastijanz	*fastijǭ	*fastijōz	*fastų, *-jatō	*fastijō
genitive	*fastijas, *fastīs	*fastijaizǫ̂	*fastijaizōz	*fastijaizǫ̂	*fastijas, *fastīs	*fastijaizǫ̂
dative	*fastijammai	*fastijaimaz	*fastijaizōi	*fastijaimaz	*fastijammai	*fastijaimaz
instrumental	*fastijanō	*fastijaimiz	*fastijaizō	*fastijaimiz	*fastijanō	*fastijaimiz
weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*fastijô	*fastijaniz	*fastijǭ	*fastijōniz	*fastijô	*fastijōnō
accusative	*fastijanų	*fastijanunz	*fastijōnų	*fastijōnunz	*fastijô	*fastijōnō
genitive	*fastīniz	*fastijanǫ̂	*fastijōniz	*fastijōnǫ̂	*fastīniz	*fastijanǫ̂
dative	*fastīni	*fastijammaz	*fastijōni	*fastijōmaz	*fastīni	*fastijammaz
instrumental	*fastīnē	*fastijammiz	*fastijōnē	*fastijōmiz	*fastīnē	*fastijammiz

Derived terms

• *fastanją
• *fastāną
• *fastijaną
• *fastį̄
  • Old Norse: festi

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *fast, *fastu, *fastī (Old Saxon and Old High German)
  • Old English: fæst
    • Middle English: fæst, fest, fast
      • Scots: fest, fast
      • English: fast
  • Old Frisian: fest
    • Saterland Frisian: fääst
    • West Frisian: fêst
  • Old Saxon: fast
    • Middle Low German: fast, vast
      • Low German: fast
  • Old Dutch: fast
    • Middle Dutch: vast
      • Dutch: vast
        • Afrikaans: vas
  • Old High German: fast
    • Middle High German: fast, vast
      • Central Franconian: fass, fast
• Proto-West Germanic: *fastī
  • Old Saxon: festi
    • Middle Low German: feste, veste, vest
      • Low German: fest
  • Old High German: festi
    • Middle High German: feste, veste
      • German: fest
• Old Norse: fastr
  • Icelandic: fastur
  • Faroese: fastur
  • Norwegian: fast
  • Old Swedish: faster
    • Swedish: fast
  • Danish: fast
• Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*fasts) (in derivatives)
• Vandalic: *fast-

References

• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 204b
• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “hast”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 390
• Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fastu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138