Wikipedia

Yara International

For the school in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, see Yara International School.

Yara International ASA is a Norwegian chemical company. It produces, distributes, and sells nitrogen-based mineral fertilizers and related industrial products. Its product line also includes phosphate and potash-based mineral fertilizers, as well as complex and specialty mineral fertilizer products.[3][4][5]

Yara International ASA
Company typeAllmennaksjeselskap
OSE: YAR
IndustryChemicals
Founded1905
HeadquartersOslo, Norway
Key people
Svein Tore Holsether (President and CEO), Leif Teksum (Chairman)
ProductsNitrogen fertilizers, nitrates
RevenueIncrease NOK 2.322 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2020)[1]
Decrease –NOK 1.226 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2020)[1]
Increase NOK 15.690 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2020)[1]
Total assetsIncrease NOK 83.561 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2020)[1]
Total equityIncrease NOK 16.711 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended 31 December 2020)[1]
Number of employees
17,000 (end 2020)[2]
Websitewww.yara.com
Svein Tore Holsether, President and CEO of Yara International ASA

The company was established in 1905 as Norsk Hydro — the world's first producer of mineral nitrogen fertilizers — and de-merged as Yara International ASA on 25 March 2004.[6] Yara is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and has its headquarters in Oslo. The company has more than 17,000 employees, production sites on six continents, operations in more than 60 countries and sales to about 150 countries.[7]

The Norwegian government owns more than a third of Yara and is its largest shareholder.[8]

History

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1900–1919

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The history of Yara dates back to the establishment of Norsk hydroelektiske kvelstoffaktieselskab, or Norsk Hydro, as it later became known, in December 1905 after nitrogen fertilizer was successfully produced at Notodden.[9] Norsk Hydro was founded by Sam Eyde, Kristian Birkeland, and Marcus Wallenberg Sr..[10][11] In 1903, Birkeland and Eyde had developed direct nitrogen fixation, called the Birkeland–Eyde process,[12] based on a method used by Henry Cavendish in 1784.[13]

The company used Norway's large hydroelectric-energy resources to produce its first product.[14] Between 1906 and 1919 Norsk Hydro built two hydroelectric power plants in Notodden and Rjukan.[15] The company sent its first shipment to China in 1913.

1960–1977

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Following the successful production of mineral fertilizer, the company expanded into other businesses such as oil and metals. In 1969, Norsk Hydro entered into its first joint venture, with authorities in Qatar. With access to a competitive source of gas and a strategic location in the Middle East, the joint venture opened up a global market for the company.

Norsk Hydro was led by Johan Berthin Holte as CEO from 1967 until 1977.[16] By the 1970s, the company was established in Asia, the Middle East and North America. The late 1970s to the mid-1980s was a period of rapid growth, through the acquisition of major fertilizer companies in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. At the end of the 1990s, the company was also established in Brazil (through the acquisition of Adubos Trevo) and South Africa.

2004–2008

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In 2004, Hydro Agri de-merged from Norsk Hydro and became an independent company called Yara International ASA. The company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange on 25 March 2004 and is a leading producer of ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen products, and NPK specialty fertilizers.[17] Since then, Yara has continued to expand its global presence through investments in other countries, with many acquisitions, joint ventures, and new projects, primarily in Africa and North and South America.

In July 2006 Yara paid $126 million for a controlling share in Fertibras. This acquisition gave Yara more than 99% of the voting stock in Fertibras[18] and 15% of Fosfertil, the largest producer in Brazil of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.[18]

2008–2014

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In 2008, Thorleif Enger retired, and Jørgen Ole Haslestad [no] became CEO. On his appointment, Haslestad stated: "Yara must continue its growth strategy. The company has many exciting opportunities to pursue, for instance when it comes to the environment, where we contribute to better balance in agricultural development and deliver some interesting industrial solutions to environmental problems."[19] Haslestad held the office until 2014, when the company fired him, saying they needed someone who could complete the upcoming merger negotiations and that Haslestad had been on the point of retiring.[8] Svein Richard Brandtzaeg ten days earlier had decided not to leave Hydro to take over the helm of Yara,[20] after contract negotiations were leaked and charges were laid against Enger, the prior CEO.[21] In January Yara reached an agreement with Vale to sell its Brazilian shares of Fosfertil for $785 million US.[22] Also in 2010, ANZ Bank called in the receivers on the 65% share of Burrup owned by, which was later sold to Yara and to Apache Corporation of New York, which had a gas supply agreement with Burrup.[23] In 2016 the Oswal couple was still litigating the fairness of the proceedings, alleging coercion.[23] Radhika has also been accused of dodging a $186 million tax bill. Also in separate proceedings, her husband is alleged to have taken more than $150 million from entities associated with the fertiliser plant and to have spent the money on private planes and other luxury goods. The two left Perth for Dubai in 2010.[23]

On 25 February 2011, the US Treasury Department lifted sanctions that had been in place against Yara subsidiary Libyan Norwegian Fertilizer because of its affiliation with the Libyan government.[24][25]

In March 2011 the Dutch government froze about €3 billion in Libyan assets, including Yara's Sluiskil joint venture, half-owned by the LIA and the NOCL[26] On 3 August 2011, Yara announced that it was selling its share in its Russian Rossosh NPK plant for $390 million US, or 2.1 billion kroner (NOK).[27]

In 2013 Yara was enmeshed in a scandal that involved many companies and transactions that may not have taken place, Dagens Næringsliv. Norway's business daily, reported that Yara had paid over eight million Norwegian krone to Shukri Ghanem, formerly Libya's prime minister, oil minister, and senior commander of the state oil company. Ghanem had been found dead in the Austrian Danube in 2012.[28] Yara issued fictitious invoices to account for the money transfers, which were deposited in the bank account of a relative of Ghanem in the UBS Bank in Switzerland.[28] The Norwegian (Økokrim) anti-corruption agency noticed the payments in 2011. The head of the upstream segment, Tor Halba, had warned of possible corrupt practices in a 2008 internal email. Investigators came across the payments when they seized business records for two Swiss-based businesses, one of them Yara's fertilizer trading subsidiary, Balderton. Yara's own investigation uncovered additional corruption in India.[28] Økokrim charged the company with gross corruption in both cases.[28]

On 26 October 2013, Yara acquired OFD Holding Inc.(OFD) from Omimex Resources Inc. for US$425 million, gaining production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies across Latin America.[29]

2014

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Norwegian authorities had been informed by the company in 2011 that it might have been involved in corruption in connection with 2008 negotiations leading to 2009's investment of 1.5 billion Norwegian kroner into a 50% share of Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company,[30] or LIFECO.[31]

In January 2014, the corporation agreed to pay a $48 million fine in a case involving corruption between 2004 and 2009. The company admitted bribing senior government officials in India and Libya, as well as to suppliers in Russia and India.[32] The fine was the largest ever of its kind in Norway.[33] The case puts two cohorts of Yara executives up against each other.[34]

On 10 January 2014, the Norwegian Cabinet approved the indictment of former deputy CEO Daniel Clauw in connection with Norway's investigation of Yara.[35] Three other Yara executives were also indicted in the case.[36] They were sentenced 7 July 2015. Enger, the former CEO, received the harshest sentence, three years. The former chief legal officer, Kendrick Wallace, was given a 2½-year sentence, and Clauw and former upstream coordinator Tor Halba were given two-year sentences.[37] Yara International announced in September 2014 that it was in talks with CF Industries about a possible merger of equals, a deal worth over $27 billion.[38][39]

2015

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In Zambia, Yara acquired Greenbelt Fertilizers, a company with a strong footprint in Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi. In September 2015, Svein Tore Holsether joined Yara as the company's new President and CEO. In 2015, the last Yara Prize was awarded before it was turned into the Africa Food Prize. The prize was launched in 2005. From 2016 and onwards, the Yara Prize has been turned into the Africa Food Prize, in collaboration with Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).[40]

In February 2016 the two urea and two ammonia plants Yara has in Brega were operating at less than 50% of their capacity.[41]

In 2017, Yara ordered the Yara Birkeland, which will be the world's first autonomous ship. Entering service in 2018, it will be fully autonomous by 2020.[42]

In connection with the protests in Belarus in 2020, the opposition politician Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya called Yara International to stop working with Belarusian state-owned company Belaruskali or to ensure that they respect workers' rights. The state-owned company Belaruskali had previously fired employees who had taken part in strikes or demonstrations.[43] In the course of this, Yara published a statement in which they called on the Belarusian state company to stop punishing workers.[44]

In the same year, Yara International partnered with the energy company EnergyNest AS to integrate a 4MWh thermal energy storage unit in their facility in Porsgrunn, Norway.[45]

Acquisitions, joint ventures and expansions

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  • 30% of the Russian fertilizer producer OAO Minudobreniya ("Rossosh"), bought in February 2005.[46]
  • In April 2006, an ammonia plant opened in Burrup, Australia. Yara presently holds a 35% stake and is involved in litigation with the other share-holder, Pankaj Oswal.
  • In July 2006, Yara bought a controlling interest in the Brazilian fertilizer distribution and marketing company Fertibras.[47]
  • In September 2006, Yara bought 50% of the Geneva-based trading company Balderton Fertilisers SA.
  • In May 2007, Yara bought 30.05% of Finnish fertilizer company Kemira GrowHow and successfully tendered an offer to buy the rest.[48]
  • In August 2007, Yara entered into a joint venture with Wilhelmsen Maritime Services that owned 50% of the Norwegian-registered company Yarwil, which provides emission reduction systems for NOx emissions from ship engines.[49]
  • In July 2008, Yara entered into an agreement to acquire Canadian nitrogen producer SaskFerco, completing the deal in October 2008. Afterwards the fertilizer plant located in Belle Plaine began to operate as Yara Belle Plaine Inc.[50]
  • 50% of a fertiliser factory in Brega, owned by Yara as a result of its 50% stake in Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company (LIFECO).[51] The co-owners of LIFECO are the National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) and the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) — each with 25%.[51] Yara got rid of its stake in LIFECO, at the end of 2020.[52]
  • In September 2009, Yara began construction of a new Urea7 factory at Sluiskil, in the Netherlands.
  • In October 2009, Qafco, in which Yara has 25% equity interest, signed a letter of intent to build the Qafco-6 expansion project. The project included construction of a urea plant with a total daily production capacity of 3,850 tons.[53]
  • In January 2010, Yara acquired the remaining 50% of Balderton Fertilisers.[54]
  • In December 2012, Yara acquired Bunge Limited´s fertilizer blending facilities, brands, and warehouses in Brazil. Brazilian antitrust authorities, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense or Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica in Portuguese (CADE), approved the acquisition in May 2013. Yara and Bunge completed the transaction in August 2013.[55]
  • In October 2013, Yara acquired the remaining 50% of Yarwil, previously owned by Wilhelmsen Maritime Services through a joint venture with Yara.[56]
  • In November 2013, Yara acquired OFD Holding from Omimex Resources Inc. for fertilizer production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies in Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and Bolivia. This transaction further strengthened Yara's downstream footprint and growth platform in Latin America and was highly complementary to its recent acquisition of Bunge's fertilizer business in Brazil.[29]

Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company B.V.,[57] registered in the Netherlands, is co-owned by Yara and "Libyan partners ... with close ties to Muammar Gaddafi and his clan" according to Dagens Næringsliv.[58] Authorities[who?] have frozen[when?] the joint venture's bank accounts in the Netherlands.[59]

  • In 2018, Yara opened a logistics-focused European Business Centre in Vilnius, Lithuania.[60]
  • In 2018, Yara opened its Myanmar office, hiring agronomists and commercial employees for its local operations.[61]
  • In December 2023, Yara acquired Agribios Italiana, an organic fertilizer business for an undisclosed amount.[62]

Environmental impact

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Climate Change and Land, production of fertilizers and associated land use practices are drivers of global warming.[63] As of 2017 Yara was one of the world’s biggest producers of synthetic fertilizers and largest industrial buyer of natural gas.[14] The company also lobbies for fracking.[14]

Chairmen

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  • Leif Teksum (2014—incumbent). Replaced Bernt Reitan after the annual general meeting on 5 May 2014.[64] Teksum oversaw DNB's Swedish and Norwegian portfolio, and headed DNB's Norwegian business market and international operations before becoming Yara's chairman.[65]
  • Bernt Reitan (2012—2014) announced in April 2014 he that he would not seek another term after May 2014.[66][67] In September 2012 the election committee of Yara announced that they were unaware that Reitan's former employer, ALCOA was under investigated for corruption by the United States.[65][68]
  • Øivind Lund (2004—2012)

CEOs

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Yara International ASA 2020 Integrated Annual Report". yara.com. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Financial Report 2015" (PDF). Yara International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  3. ^ "Mergers in the fertiliser industry". The Economist. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  4. ^ Stigset, Marianne (15 July 2008). "Yara Quarterly Profit Gains Threefold; Buys Plant". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  5. ^ "Yara International ASA - Company Profile and News". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  6. ^ Release, Press (6 December 2020). "Yara International ASA". NewsnReleases. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Company overview". Investor Relations. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  8. ^ a b Richard Milne (7 October 2014). "Yara ousts chief amid $27bn merger talks with CF: Chairman of Norwegian fertiliser company rejects image of chaos". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  9. ^ "1900–1905". yara.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  10. ^ "That I can get for you!". yara.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  11. ^ "Three remarkable men". yara.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  12. ^ Eyde, Sam (1909). "The Manufacture of Nitrates from the Atmosphere by the Electric Arc — Birkeland–Eyde Process". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 57 (2949): 568–576. JSTOR 41338647.
  13. ^ Aaron John Ihde (1984). The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. p. 678. ISBN 0-486-64235-6.
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  23. ^ a b c Sarah Danckert (31 May 2016). "PPB ran 'flawed' process for sale of Oswals' Burrup Fertiliser shares, court told". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  24. ^ Office of Foreign Assets Control (25 February 2011). "Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011: Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya: GENERAL LICENSE NO. 8A: General License with Respect to the Government of Libya, its Agencies, Instrumentalities, and Controlled Entities, and the Central Bank of Libya" (PDF). Libyan Sanctions Regulations: 31 C.F.R. Part 570. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
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  31. ^ Dagens Næringsliv, 2011-04-16, p.4
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  33. ^ "Avslører en ukultur". VG. 16 January 2014.
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  35. ^ Line Dugstad (18 January 2014). "Tiltale ble godkjent i statsråd". Dagens Næringsliv. p. 10.
  36. ^ Line Dugstad; Morten Ånestad (18 January 2014). "Direktører peker på hverandre". Dagens Næringsliv. pp. 8–9.
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  38. ^ Yara, CF in talks to create $27 billion fertilizer giant. Reuters, 23 September 2014
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  40. ^ "About the Prize | Africa Food Prize". Africa Food Prize. 13 January 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  41. ^ Natasha Alperowicz (22 February 2016). "Libyan fertilizer complex running at less than 50% of capacity". Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  42. ^ Haridy, Rich (10 May 2017). "World's first all-electric autonomous container ship to set sail in 2018". Newatlas. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
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  44. ^ "Norway's Yara says Belarus potash supplier must stop punishing workers". Newatlas. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  45. ^ Scott, Mike (5 May 2023). "After SVB collapse, clean energy startups partner with industry to ride the storms". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  46. ^ "Yara acquires the minority stake in Russian fertiliser plant". Gasworld.com. 10 February 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
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  48. ^ "2007:Yara announces Kemira GrowHow takeover". Yara. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  49. ^ Wilhelmsen Maritime Services (22 August 2007). "Press release – Yara and Wilhelmsen enter innovative environmental collaboration". wilhelmsen.com. Retrieved 13 January 2013.[permanent dead link]
  50. ^ "Sale of Saskferco is finalized (press release)". Government of Saskatchewan. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  51. ^ a b "Yara completes $225 mln Libya fertiliser deal". Reuters. 9 February 2009.
  52. ^ https://investor.dn.no/#!/Oversikt/Direkte/70738 "de selger hele sin eierandel i Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company («LIFECO»). [...] Overføringen skjedde 31. desember 2020."
  53. ^ "Yara JV Qafco signs letter of intent for expansion". Yara.com.
  54. ^ "Yara acquires remaining 50% of Balderton Fertiliser (press release)". Cisionwire. 28 January 2010.
  55. ^ "Yara to Buy Bunge Brazil Fertilizer Assets for $750 Million (press release)". Bloomberg. 7 December 2012.
  56. ^ Yara International (21 October 2013). "Yara and Wilhelmsen strengthen collaboration in maritime emissions reduction market". yara.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  57. ^ "Nederland bevriest Libische tegoeden". nos.nl. 30 March 2011.
  58. ^ Dagens Næringsliv, DN Magasinet, 2011-04-16, p.53: "Det har opprettet et selskap i Nederland sammen med libyske partnere som skulle vise seg å ha tette forbindelser til Muammar Gadaffi og hans klan."
  59. ^ Dagens Næringsliv, DN Magasinet, 2011-04-16, p.53
  60. ^ "Norway's fertilizer producer Yara opens business service center in Vilnius". l24.lt. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  61. ^ "Yara Expecting Strong Growth in Myanmar". Myanmar Business Today. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  62. ^ "Yara (YARIY) Buys Agribios Organic-Based Fertilizer Business". Yahoo Finance. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  63. ^ Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 5: Food Security" (PDF). Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. p. 454.
  64. ^ Yara International (6 May 2014). "Yara approves dividend and share buy-back program and elects new chairperson". yara.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  65. ^ a b "Reitan stands down as Yara chairman". newsinenglish.no. 14 April 2014.
  66. ^ Tone Iren Sørheim; Andreas Wolden Fredriksen; Sophie Lorch-Falch (14 April 2014). "Reitan: – Ønsker mer tid med familien". E24.
  67. ^ Johnsrud, Ingar (2 June 2012). "Slik skjules lønnshoppene" [Hidden Salaries] (in Norwegian). E24. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  68. ^ E24 (7 September 2012). "Yaras ryddegutt kommer fra korrupsjonsetterforsket selskap". E24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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