Colonel Sir Thomas Modyford, 1st Baronet (c. 1620 – 1 September 1679) was a planter of Barbados and Governor of Jamaica from 1664 to 1671.[1]
Sir Thomas (Tomos) Modyford | |
|---|---|
| Governor of Jamaica | |
| In office February 1664 – 1 July 1671 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Morgan |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Lynch |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1620 Wales |
| Died | 1 September 1679 Spanish Town, Jamaica |
| Spouse |
Elizabeth Palmer
(m. 1640; died 1668) |
Early life
editModyford was the son of a mayor of Exeter with family connections to the Duke of Albemarle.[citation needed]
Barbados
editModyford emigrated to Barbados as a young man with other family members in 1647, in the opening stages of the English Civil War. He had £1,000 for a down payment on a plantation and £6,000 to commit in the next three years. Modyford soon was dominant in Barbados island politics, rising to be speaker of the House of Assembly in Barbados[2] during the reign of King Charles II, and factor for the Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa, who had a monopoly in the slave trade to the islands.[3]
By 1647, Modyford had made a fortune from sugar and slavery. In 1651, Modyford sided with the Cavaliers under Lord Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham, as they defied Oliver Cromwell, but when a force was despatched under the command of Sir George Ayscue, Modyford switched sides, deserting Willoughby and his royalist forces. In 1660, he negotiated with the Commissioners of the Commonwealth to be governor of Barbados, which put him in an awkward position with the Restoration of the English monarchy.[4]
Jamaica
editSir Thomas Modyford was appointed Governor of Jamaica, by commission dated 15 February 1664 and made a Baronet.[5] He arrived in Jamaica 4 June 1664, with seven hundred planters and their slaves, marking the wholesale introduction of a slavery-based plantation economy in Jamaica.[6] The move was marked by tragedy for Modyford however, whose eldest son John was lost at sea when returning for his mother in Barbados.[7]
But it was not long before Modyford took tight control of the Jamaican government by culling the council and filling it with his own supporters, including his brother, Col. Sir James Modyford,[8] who he made Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, Governor of the Town and Castle of Port Royal and sole judge of the Admiralty and Customs.[9][10] Thomas Modyford remained a factor for the Royal Adventurers until 1669, overseeing their plantation in Jamaica[11] whilst Sir James was granted a royal licence in November to ship convicted felons from England to his brother in Jamaica. In Jamaica Sir Thomas used a labour force of twenty-eight indentured servants from England, and a large number of African slaves.[12][13]
It was also under Thomas Modyford that the island was first divided into parishes. His own cacao plantation at Sixteen Mile Walk was located in St. Katherine's parish.[14] However, these plantations came under regular attacks from Jamaican Maroons. In the second half of the 1660s, Modyford waged war against the Karmahaly Maroons, led by Juan de Serras, but the governor failed to subdue this community of runaway slaves.[15]
In 1670 he was "Governor of His Majesty's Island of Jamaica Commander-in-Chief of all His Majesties Forces within the said Island and in the Islands adjacent Vice-Admiral to His Royal Highness the Duke of York in the American Seas", according to the commission to Henry Morgan to make war upon the Spanish.[16] The issuance of the aforementioned privateer commission to Morgan, who used it to attack and plunder the Spanish possession of Panama, resulted in revocation of Modyford's governorship and arrest in 1671. King Charles II of England, in desperate need of Spain as an ally in an impending war with the Dutch, had ordered the arrest and revocation merely to appease a Spanish Crown, furious over the destruction of their prize city. Though charges were never preferred, and no trial was ever held, Modyford spent two years in the Tower of London. He was released in 1674, and returned to Jamaica in 1675.[17]
Death
editModyford died on 1 September 1679. He was buried the next day at the cathedral in Spanish Town, Jamaica alongside his wife, Elizabeth.[18]
At his death, Modyford owned one of the largest plantations in the West Indies, with over 600 African slaves and white indentured servants.[19]
References
edit- ^ Earle, Peter (1981). The Sack of Panama. Jill Norman & Hobhouse. pp. 247–248. ISBN 0-906908-65-5.
- ^ "The House of Assembly". www.barbadosparliament.com.
- ^ Sir Thomas Modyford
- ^ Karl Watson, "A brief history of Barbados", Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination (Hansib, 1997), Arif Ali (ed.), p. 56.
- ^ Rayment, Leigh. "Leigh Rayment's list of baronets". Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Jamaica Gleaner "Jamaica and the Atlantic Slave Trade (Part II)" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine 26 March 2006
- ^ "The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies". britishempire.co.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ W. A. Feurtado, Official and Other personages of Jamaica from 1655 to 1790 (Kingston) 1896
- ^ Earle, Peter (1981). The Sack of Panama. Jill Norman & Hobhouse. p. 103. ISBN 0-906908-65-5.
- ^ Thornton, A.P. (1952). The Modyfords and Morgan. pp. 45, 52.
- ^ George F. Zook, "The Royal Adventurers and the Plantations" The Journal of Negro History 4.2 (April 1919), pp. 206-231.
- ^ Hilary McD. Beckles, "Plantation Production and White "Proto-Slavery": White Indentured Servants and the Colonization of the English West Indies, 1624-1645" The Americas 41.3 (January 1985), pp. 21-45.
- ^ Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire, ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 225.
- ^ J. Harry Bennett, "Cary Helyar, Merchant and Planter of Seventeenth-Century Jamaica" The William and Mary Quarterly 3rd Ser., Vol. 21.1 (January 1964), pp. 53-76.
- ^ Mavis Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica 1655-1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal (Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 25-32.
- ^ On-line text.
- ^ Marley, David. Pirates of the Americas, Volume 1. p. 247.
- ^ "The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies". britishempire.co.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire, ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 225.