Wikipedia

Temple Mount entry restrictions

At present, the Government of Israel controls access to the Temple Mount, also known as Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, in East Jerusalem's Old City, which is a holy place for Muslims, Jews, and Christians and an Islamic religious endowment under the management of the Jordan-based Jerusalem Islamic Waqf.[1][2] There are entry limits to the Temple Mount for political and security reasons. In addition, Jewish religious law imposes restrictions on religious Jews on entering the compound.

A sign by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel warns that entering the site goes against the Halakha (Jewish religious law).
The entry restrictions for tourists, showing opening times and a Rabbinic warning.
A view of Temple Mount from south side
Israeli Police guard an entrance to the Temple Mount

Restrictions during the Ottoman Empire

For centuries an absolute ban on non-Muslim access to the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount existed. The situation was relatively free of tensions as Jews acquiesced in the exercise of Muslim authority over the site.[3] In 1839, following the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman establishment and legislation, non-Muslims were permitted to enter Temple Mount, but in order to do so they had to obtain special permit from the governor.[4] Jews who managed to obtain permission to visit the site at that time, such as Moses Montefiore and Baron Rothschild, had themselves carried across the site by Muslims, in order not to violate the rabbinic prohibition against Jews setting foot on the holy ground of the area.[5]

Under the British Mandate and Jordanian rule

Article 13 of the Mandatory Charter conferred on Britain by the League of Nations explicitly denied its governing body the right to either interfere with the site or the administration of purely Muslim holy places.[3] Jewish requests for access to their holy places during the period of British rule of Palestine were focused on the Western Wall, not on the Temple Mount, which was, in any case, off-limits according to the Jewish prohibition against entering the latter. The struggle between Muslims and Jews was concentrated on the latter's desire to secure regulated access to the wall on the mount's western side.[3] As early as 1920, rabbi Avraham Yitzhak ha-Kohen Kook stated that though in other hands, the Temple Mount would eventually come into Jewish possession, a declaration which was interpreted by the mufti Amin al-Husseini as evidence of a political plot to wrest control of the Haram itself. In the ensuing period, the Temple Mount became something of a "state within a state" which the British authorities would not enter even when it became the centre for the Arab Revolt, until the mufti fled the site.[3] The King's Order-in-Council issued by the government authorities of Mandatory Palestine in 1934 regulated the legal situation of the site by confirming the religious status quo regarding sovereignty reigning from Ottoman times.[6]

At the conclusion of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Haram al-Sharif lay behind the lines held by the Jordanian Legion,[7] and the Jordanian government established the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf to administer the site.[8] From 1948 until Israel captured the site in 1967 during the Six-Day War, Israeli Muslims were unable to enter East Jerusalem and access the Haram al-Sharif,[7] a restriction at times imposed by the Israeli government.[9]

1967 to present

After Israel occupied the Old City of Jerusalem during the Six-Day War of June 1967, the site remained under the control of the Jordan-based Jerusalem Islamic Waqf, though control over access to the site passed to Israel.[9] The Israeli government took several measures regarding the Temple Mount designed to reassure the world that it had no intention of making the issue of where the Temple Mount's sovereignty lay until this could be determined in final status negotiations,[6] despite some frustration from within Jewish community over both the humiliating conditions imposed on prior worship at the remnant of the Temple, and a certain desire for revenge, according to Meron Benvenisti.[3] Israel prohibited the flying of an Israeli flag over the site, and refrained from extending a number of Israeli laws, including those governing Holy Places, to the Haram al-Sharif.[6]

Uzi Narkis (then chief of the IDF's Central Command) described the arrangements at the time as follows:[10]

The IDF will clear the Temple Mount platform and will redeploy outside it. The Israeli administration will be responsible for general security, but will not interfere with the internal guarding and the internal inspection of the running of the Mount.

Currently eleven gates are open to the Muslim public. Non-Muslims are permitted to enter only through the Moors' Gate.[11][12][13]

Halakhic restrictions

 
Sign on behalf of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, warning of the halakhic prohibition to enter the Temple Mount, with some ambiguity whether gentiles are supposed to obey this rule too.

After Israel captured the site in 1967, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel announced that entering the Temple Mount was forbidden to Jews, in accordance with a halakhic prohibition against temei ha'met (impurity by contacting the dead, cemeteries etc.). The ancient ban on Jews, other than a high priest, entering the zone of the Holy of Holies was confirmed, with the consideration also that, since the exact location of the Second Temple was unknown, any Jew walking through the site would be at grave risk of inadvertently treading on the ground of the Holy of Holies in error.

According to Maimonides, all must still show the same respect (fear) for the Temple which it commanded before its destruction. He added that, "[n]o one may enter it except the places that one is permitted to enter."[14] There is an ongoing ideological and halakhic debate whether it is permissible or forbidden to enter the Temple Mount. On one side stand those (mainly Haredi) who prohibit the entry to all persons in all areas of the Mount, in fear that a visitor might enter the Temple location. On the other side, there are those who do not see, based on the same halakha, any wrongdoing in Jews entering the Temple Mount while observing the halakhic purity laws, and getting only to certain areas of the Mount. Additionally there are others (mainly Religious Zionists) who even see visiting the site as a Mitzvah, meaning prayer there should be considered a religious duty.[15]

Israeli restriction policy

Christians and Jews may only visit the site as tourists and only for four hours per day five days per week.[16][17] Israel also restricts the number of religious Jews that can visit at a time. Until 2003, it was limited to five; in 2003 it was increased to 10; in 2010 it was increased to 20 and in 2011 it was again increased to 50 at a time.[18]

During times of political tension and fear of riots, Israel has restricted entry of Muslims to men and women over a certain age. The age limit has varied according to decisions taken by security officials. The restrictions do not affect Jews or tourists who can enter regardless of their age.[19] Entry restrictions were frequently imposed during the 2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some examples:

  • October 23, 2009: Entry restricted to Muslim men over 45 and Muslim women over 35.[20]
  • July 1, 2011: Entry restricted to Muslim men over 45.[21]
  • November 7, 2014: Entry restricted to Muslim men over 35.[19]
  • October 4, 2015: Entry restricted to Muslim men over 50 for two days.[22]
  • July 21, 2017: Entry restricted to Muslim men over 50.[23]

The Israeli NOG Emek Shaveh claimed in a report in June 2015 that Israel's entrance restrictions amounted to changing the "status quo" of the Mount:[24]

"The data shows that when there are political and security tensions in Jerusalem, the status quo on the Temple Mount / al-Haram al-Sharif is harmed. For example, in 2014 the Israeli police imposed age restrictions on worshipers 41 times. This amounts to nearly 15% of the year. This number indicates that the feeling among Palestinians that Israel is changing the status quo in the area, is backed up by police data, even if the restrictions are made due to extenuating circumstances, such as the murder attempt of Yehuda Glick. At the same time there is a direct link between rising restrictions on visitors in 2013 and 2014 and increasing attempts by right-wing groups to upset the status quo in the area."

See also

  • Status quo (Holy Land sites) – decrees "freezing" denominational rights to Holy Sites in the Holy Land as they were in 1757 and 1853
  • HaLiba – "The project for Jewish freedom on the Temple Mount", an Israeli umbrella organisation dealing with the right of Jews to pray on the Temple Mount

References

  1. ^ Michael Dumper,The Politics of Sacred Space: The Old City of Jerusalem in the Middle East Conflict, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002 p.33.
  2. ^ Wendy Pullan, Maximilian Sternberg, Lefkos Kyriacou, Craig Larkin, Michael Dumper (eds.),The Struggle for Jerusalem's Holy Places, Routledge, 2013 p.133.
  3. ^ a b c d e Meron Benvenisti,City of Stone:The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of Caliufornia Press 1996 pp.77–82 p.77.
  4. ^ יהושע בן-אריה, גידולה של ירושלים במאה ה-19 – השפעות דתיות וחברתיות, בתוך: יואל רפל (עורך), תולדות ארץ ישראל, כרך ב', שער עשירי – "התקופה העות'מאנית", עמ' 544.
  5. ^ Abraham Ezra Millgram, Jerusalem Curiosities, Jewish Publication Society, 1990 p.60.
  6. ^ a b c Moshe Amirav, Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City, Sussex Academic press 2009 p.179.
  7. ^ a b Yitzhak Reiter (2008). Jerusalem and its Role in Islamic Solidarity. Palgrave. p. 130. ISBN 9780230607828. In June 1967, Israel's Muslim citizens were able to access al-Haram al-Sharif after a 19-year period of exclusion during Jordanian rule in East Jerusalem.
  8. ^ Fischer, N. (2019), "Religious Ritual, Injustice, and Resistance: Praying Politically in Israel/Palestine.", in Moyaert, Marianne (ed.), Interreligious Relations and the Negotiation of Ritual Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 61–82, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05701-5_4, ISBN 978-3-030-05700-8, S2CID 201363247
  9. ^ a b A. R. Peled (1994). "The Crystallization of an Israeli Policy towards Muslim and Christian Holy Places, 1948–1955". The Muslim World. 84 (1–2): 95–121. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1994.tb03590.x.
  10. ^ Uzi Narkis (1991). Soldier of Jerusalem. p. 341. Quoted in Yitzhak Reiter (2017). Contested Holy Places in Israel–Palestine: Sharing and Conflict Resolution. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-351-99885-7.
  11. ^ "Tourism Min. plan to widen Jewish access to Temple Mount angers Palestinians". Haaretz. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  12. ^ "Israel issues tender for new settlement units". Al Jazeera. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  13. ^ Elaine McArdle, "How to visit Temple Mount as a tourist: Old City, Jerusalem, Israel," The Whole World is a Playground, January 1, 2015
  14. ^ Meir Loewenberg, 'Did Maimonides really pray on the Temple Mount?,' Jewish Magazine, October/November 2012. citing Maimonides,Hilkhot Bet HaBechira, 7.7. An alternative translation is:'Even though, the Temple is now in ruin because of our sins,36 a person must hold its [site] in awe, as one would regard it when it was standing.[Therefore,] one should only enter a region which he is permitted to enter. He should not sit in [the area of] the Temple Courtyard, nor should he act frivolously when standing before [the place of] the eastern gate, as [implied by Leviticus 19:30]: "You shall observe My Sabbaths and you shall revere My Sanctuary." [Explaining the analogy between the two commands, the Sages comment: "Just as the observance of the Sabbath [applies] for eternity, so too, the reverence for the Temple must be eternal. Even though it is in ruin, it remains holy".'
  15. ^ Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, Part I – Rabbi Goren and the Temple Mount; Part II – Inheriting the Land of Israel on the Temple Mount – on Arutz Sheva 618–619.
  16. ^ Booth, William. "Israel blocks Jerusalem holy site amid rising tensions after activist shot". Washington Post. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  17. ^ Condez, C. B. "Jews prepare for Passover; Temple Mount welcomes more Jewish visitors". www.christiantimes.com.
  18. ^ "Tough Questions, Expert Answers". peacenow.org.
  19. ^ a b "Riots erupt in capital as thousands mourn slain terrorist". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  20. ^ "Tension Overshadows Ramadan Prayers in Jerusalem".
  21. ^ "Chronological Review of Events/July 2011 – DPR review".
  22. ^ 'Public Statement:Israel/OPT: No justification for deliberate attacks on civilians, unlawful killings by Israeli forces, or collective punishment of Palestinians', Amnesty International 9 October 2015.
  23. ^ "Israel bars Muslim men under 50 from al-Aqsa". www.aljazeera.com.
  24. ^ "Denial of Access and Worship on the Temple Mount / Haram al-Sharif in 2012–2014". 7 June 2015.
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