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A skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together.[1] The word may sometimes be used as a metonym, to refer to the entire food item served on a skewer, as in "chicken skewers". Skewers are used while grilling or roasting meats and fish, and in other culinary applications.
In English, brochette is a borrowing of the French word for skewer. In cookery, en brochette means 'on a skewer', and describes the form of a dish or the method of cooking and serving pieces of food, especially grilled meat or seafood, on skewers; for example "lamb cubes en brochette".[2] Skewers are often used in a variety of kebab dishes.
Utensil
editMetal skewers are typically stainless steel rods with a pointed tip on one end and a grip of some kind on the other end for ease of removing the food. Non-metallic skewers are often made from bamboo, as well as hardwoods such as birch, beech,[3] or other suitable wood. Prior to grilling, wooden skewers may be soaked in water to avoid burning. A related device is the rotisserie or spit, a large rod that rotates meat while it cooks.
History
editAt the 300,000-year-old Schöningen site in Germany. A stick with a burnt tip was suggested to have been used to cook meat over a fire,[4] though later scholars have questioned this interpretation.[5] Excavations of the Minoan settlement of Akrotiri unearthed stone "fire dogs" used before the 17th century BCE. In these supports there are pairs of indentations that may have been used for holding skewers.[6] Homer in Iliad (1.465) mentions pieces of meat roasted on spits (ὀβελός, obelós). In Classical Greece, a small spit or skewer was known as ὀβελίσκος (obeliskos),[7] and Aristophanes mentions such skewers being used to roast thrushes.[8] The story is often told of medieval Middle Eastern soldiers - usually Turkish or Persian, depending on the storyteller – who cooked meat skewered on their swords.[9][10]
One of the most well-known skewered foods around the world is the shish kebab. The earliest literary evidence for the Turkish word şiş (shish) as a food utensil comes from the 11th-century Diwan Lughat al-Turk, attributed to Mahmud of Kashgar. He defines shish as both a skewer and 'tool for arranging noodles' (minzam tutmaj), though he is unique in this regard as all subsequent known historical references to shish define it as a skewer.[11][12]
Examples of skewered foods
editKebab
editA large variety of dishes cooked on skewers are kebabs (meat dishes prevalent in Middle Eastern cuisine and the Muslim world), or derived from them. Examples include Turkish shish kebab, Iranian jujeh kabab, Chinese chuan, and Southeast Asian satay. However, kebab is not synonymous with "skewered food", and many kebab dishes such as chapli kebab are not cooked on skewers. On the other hand, English speakers may sometimes use the word kebab to refer to any food on a skewer.
Other
editDishes, other than kebabs, prepared with skewers include American city chicken and corn dog, Brazilian churrasco, indigenous Peruvian anticucho, Indonesian satay, Italian arrosticini, Greek souvlaki, Japanese kushiyaki and kushikatsu, Korean jeok and kkochi, Nepali sekuwa, Portuguese espetada, Serbian ražnjići, Vietnamese nem nướng and chạo tôm, Chinese shaokao, and Malaysian-Singaporean Lok-lok.
Appetizers and hors d'oeuvres may often be skewered together with small sticks or toothpicks; the Spanish pincho is named after such a skewer.[13] Small, often decorative, skewers of glass, metal, wood or bamboo known as olive picks or cocktail sticks are used for garnishes on cocktails and other alcoholic beverages. Many types of snack food, such as candy apples, bananacue, ginanggang, elote, telur gulung, and tanghulu, are sold and served "on a stick" or skewer, especially at outdoor markets, fairs, and sidewalk or roadside stands around the world.[citation needed]
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Chenjeh kebab in Iran
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Seafood skewers sold in South Korea: mun-kkochi (giant octopus), sora-kkochi (horned turban), and jju-kkochi (webfoot octopus).
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Khebab from Algeria
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "skewer". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
- ^ "En brochette definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
- ^ "Producer of sticks for skewers and popsicle - Zdzisław Fyda". patyczki-ns.pl. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
- ^ Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine (2015-08-07). Metheny, Karen Bescherer; Beaudry, Mary C. (eds.). Archaeology of food : an encyclopedia. Lanham. section Paleolithic Diet. ISBN 9780759123663. OCLC 898158291.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Aranguren, Biancamaria; Revedin, Anna; Amico, Nicola; Cavulli, Fabio; Giachi, Gianna; Grimaldi, Stefano; Macchioni, Nicola; Santaniello, Fabio (2018-02-27). "Wooden tools and fire technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (9): 2054–2059. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.2054A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1716068115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5834685. PMID 29432163.
- ^ To Vima (in Greek), 6-2-2011 (picture 2 of 7)
- ^ ὀβελίσκος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus, dim. of ὀβελός (obelos), ὀβελός.
- ^ Acharnians 1007
- ^ "FIRE DANCE—The Fascinating Story of Lamb Shish Kebab". The New Yorker. Vol. 37 part 3. 1961. p. 346. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
- ^ Ridgwell, Jenny (1986). Food around the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780198327288. OCLC 17199754.
- ^ "The Horseback Kitchen of Central Asia". Food on the Move. Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. 1996. ISBN 9780907325796. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
- ^ "Nişanyan Sözlük - şiş" [Nişanyan Dictionary - shish]. Nişanyan Sözlük (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-07-16.
- ^ Barrenechea, Teresa (1998). The Basque table : passionate home cooking from Spain's most celebrated cuisine. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Common Press. ISBN 9781558325234. OCLC 797821047.