Seleucus of Seleucia (Greek: Σέλευκος Seleukos; born c. 190 BC; fl. c. 150 BC) was a Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher.[1] Coming from Seleucia on the Tigris, Mesopotamia, the capital of the Seleucid Empire, or, alternatively, Seleukia on the Erythraean Sea,[2][3] he is best known as a proponent of heliocentrism[4][5][6] and for his theory of the causes of tides.
Seleucus of Seleucia | |
|---|---|
Σέλευκος ὁ Σελεύκειος | |
| Born | c. 190 BC |
| Died | c. 150 BC unknown |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | |
Heliocentric theory
editSeleucus is known to have supported the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus of Samos, which stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun.[7][8] According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to demonstrate the heliocentric system through reasoning, but it is not known what arguments he used.[9] According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, Seleucus may have constructed his heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, as Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century. He may have used trigonometric methods that were available in his time, as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus.[10]
Since the time of Heraclides Ponticus (387 BC–312 BC), the inferior planets Mercury and Venus have been at times named solar planets, as their positions diverge from the Sun by only a small angle.
According to the Greek geographer Strabo, Seleucus was also the first to assume the universe to be infinite.[11] None of his original writings have survived,[citation needed] though a fragment of his work has survived only in Arabic translation, which was later referred to by the Persian philosopher Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865–925).[12]
Tides
editAccording to Lucio Russo, Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric theory were probably related to the phenomenon of tides.[13] The annual cycle of tides (which was studied by Seleucus) can indeed hardly be explained in a geocentric system. Seleucus correctly theorized that tides were caused by the Moon, explaining that the interaction was mediated by the pneuma. He noted that the tides varied in time and strength in different parts of the world. According to Russo, Seleucus ascribed tides both to the Moon and to a whirling motion of the Earth, which could be interpreted as the motion of the Earth around the Earth-Moon center of mass.
According to Strabo (3.5.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.[11]
Seleucus in Strabo
editSeleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch, Aetius, and Strabo, all of whom were Greeks, and the Persian Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. Strabo lists Seleucus as one of the four most influential "Chaldean" astronomers:
In Chapter XVI of his Geographia, Strabo mentions several "Chaldaen" astronomers. At the end he adds: "Seleukios of Seleukia was a Chaldaean too." ... Babylonian astrologers and astronomers were often called "Chaldaeans." Strabo calls them "the so-called Chaldaeans". Their writings were translated into Greek and used by later authors like Geminos. The "Chaldaean" astronomers mentioned by Strabo are Kidenas, Naburianos, Sudines, and Seleukos. The first two are also known from astronomical cuneiform texts under their Akkadian names Nabu-Rimannu and Kidinnu.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Greek astronomer:
The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS):
ScienceWorld:Greek philosopher, born in Seleucia, ...
Greek philosopher who was the one astronomer of note who championed Aristarchus's heliocentric theory.
- ^ Neugebauer 1945, pp. 39–42:
Among several cities named Seleukia, the best known is Seleukia on the Tigris, the capital of the Seleucid kingdom. It is possible that the astronomer Seleukos lived or was born in this city, but it is also possible that his native town was Seleukia on the Erythrean Sea.
- ^ Describing his studies in the tides, Strabo claims that Seleucus was "from the region of the Erythraean Sea" (3.5.9).
- ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers-Scientists Archived 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Seleucus of Seleucia (c. 190 BC–?), The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
- ^ Seleucus of Seleucia (ca. 190–unknown BC), ScienceWorld
- ^ Russell, Bertrand — History of Western Philosophy (2004) – p. 215
- ^ We do not know other names of ancient astronomers or scientists who supported the heliocentric system: Hipparchus and later Ptolemy contributed to the success of the geocentric system; however, in the writings of Plutarch and Sextus Empiricus we read of "the followers of Aristarchus", thus it is probable that other people we do not know of adhered to the heliocentric view.
- ^ Van der Waerden 1987, p. 528
- ^ Van der Waerden 1987, pp. 527−529
- ^ a b c Van der Waerden 1987, p. 527
- ^ Shlomo Pines (1986), Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science, vol. 2, Brill Publishers, pp. viii & 201–17, ISBN 965-223-626-8
- ^ Russo 2003.
Sources
edit- Neugebauer, O. (1945), "The History of Ancient Astronomy. Problems and Methods", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 4 (1): 1–38, doi:10.1086/370729
- Russo, Lucio (2003), Flussi e riflussi, Milano: Feltrinelli, ISBN 88-07-10349-4
- Sarton, George (1955), "Chaldaean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B. C.", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 75 (3): 166–173, doi:10.2307/595168, JSTOR 595168
- Van der Waerden, B. L. (1987), "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 500 (1): 525–545, Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..525V, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x