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RAF Lakenheath

"LKZ" redirects here. For a Russian plant, see Leningrad Kirov Plant.

Royal Air Force Lakenheath or RAF Lakenheath (IATA: LKZ, ICAO: EGUL) is a Royal Air Force station near the village of Lakenheath in Suffolk, England, UK, 4.7 miles (7.6 km) north-east of Mildenhall and 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west of Thetford. The installation's perimeter borders Brandon.

RAF Lakenheath
Near Brandon, Suffolk in England
Aerial view of RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath is located in Suffolk
RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath is located in England
RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath
Coordinates52°24′30″N 000°33′24″E / 52.40833°N 0.55667°E / 52.40833; 0.55667
TypeRAF station (US Visiting Forces)
Area727 hectares[1]
Site information
OwnerMinistry of Defence
OperatorUnited States Air Force
Controlled byUnited States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa
ConditionOperational
Websitewww.lakenheath.af.mil Edit this at Wikidata
Site history
Built1940 (1940)
In use1941–1944 (Royal Air Force)
1948–present (US Air Force)
Garrison information
Garrison48th Fighter Wing
Airfield information
IdentifiersIATA: LKZ, ICAO: EGUL, WMO: 03583
Elevation10 metres (33 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
06/24 2,742 metres (8,996 ft) Concrete/Asphalt

Despite being an RAF station, Lakenheath currently only hosts United States Air Force (USAF) units and military personnel. The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing (48 FW), also known as the Liberty Wing, assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA). The wing operates the F-15E Strike Eagle and the F-35A Lightning II.

History

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First World War

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The first use of Lakenheath Warren as a Royal Flying Corps airfield was during the First World War, when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying from RFC Feltwell and RFC Thetford.[2]

Second World War

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In 1940, the Air Ministry selected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearby RAF Mildenhall and used it as a decoy airfield.[3] Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941, with the main runway being 3,000 feet (910 m), and the two subsidiary runways at 2,000 feet (610 m).[4]

In late 1941, Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment. The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite base with Short Stirling bombers of No. 149 Squadron dispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed. The squadron exchanged its Vickers Wellingtons for Stirlings late in November 1941. After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft, the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved the short distance to RAF Methwold, just inside Norfolk.[5]

One Stirling pilot, Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942, when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on the Fiat works at Turin in Italy, he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England. With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out.[6]

On 21 June 1943, newly re-formed No. 199 Squadron re-located to RAF Lakenheath as a second Stirling squadron.[7] It conducted mine laying operations at sea before moving to RAF North Creake in Norfolk on 1 May 1944.[8] No. 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month, taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold.[5] The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheath's selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield, which left the airfield closed to aircraft until April 1947.[3]

Strategic Air Command

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307th Bombardment Group Boeing B-29A-75-BN Superfortress 44-62328 SAC 8th Air Force, at RAF Lakenheath, England during the Berlin Airlift, 1948
 
USAF Boeing B-47E-50-LM (AF Serial No. 52-3363) in flight.

Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union in Europe began as early as 1946. In November, President Harry S. Truman ordered Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-29 Superfortress bombers to Europe. Truman decided to realign United States Air Force Europe (USAFE) into a permanent combat-capable force. In July 1948, B-29s of the SAC 2nd Bombardment Group were deployed to Lakenheath. The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron, being activated in 1949.[3]

Amongst other units present were 3913 Air Base Sqdn (1953-55, Lt Col Archie Thomas), 3910 Installation Sqdn (1955-59, Maj John F Thomas), and 3910 Air Base Group (1955-59, Col L M Thomas).[3][9] On 30 April 1956, two Lockheed U-2s were airlifted to Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A. The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May. The Central Intelligence Agency unit did not remain long, moving to Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany in June 1956.[10]

On 10 October 1956, a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean after departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight to Lajes Field in the Azores. The aircraft was on a Military Air Transport Service flight carrying 50 members of the 307th Bombardment Wing, on their way home to the United States after a temporary duty assignment and a U.S. Navy crew of nine. All 59 personnel on board were lost.[11][12][13][14]

48th Tactical Fighter Wing

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A F-100D Super Sabre of 494 Tactical Fighter Squadron 48 TFW, 1965

Following French president Charles de Gaulle's insistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country, the USAF began a redeployment of its North American F-100-equipped units from France. The 48th Fighter Wing left its base at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France on 15 January 1960, its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon.[3]

The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were:[15]

The bare metal finish and bright squadron markings were replaced with dull green-based camouflage and no squadron markings around 1966-67, but by 1970 subdued individual squadron markings had returned e.g. blue fin tip and white 'LR' tailcode denoting 492d TFS.[16][17]

 
48th TFW McDonnell F-4D Phantom II, 1974 note tri-colour fin tip

Beginning in late 1971, the 48th TFW started its conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II, receiving aircraft that had previously served in Vietnam, with all squadrons now marked with the new 'LN' tailcode. However, the delivery of F-4s was intermittent, and working up to full strength (73 aircraft) took 2½ years. Consequently the wing only resumed its full NATO and USAFE commitments on 1st July 1975.[18] However the F-4's service with the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing was short, as operation "Ready Switch" resulted in 48th Tactical Fighter Wing receiving General Dynamics F-111s in June 1977.[18]

African-American Servicemembers during the Cold War

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After the US desegregated the military in 1948, a little community of mixed-race children, whose mothers were British and whose fathers were black American servicemembers based at Lakenheath, formed in Norwich.[19]

Vanessa Baird, whose father was a black GI based in Lakenheath airfield and whose mother was a Liverpudlian, was born in April 1958. Her father did not know about the birth. Her mother's family was very disapproving after they found out. So Vanessa and her mother went to Norwich. There, according to Baird, some of the women married black GIs and went to the US with them.[20]

Elaine Brown had a similar experience to Vanessa. Her mother met black GI Harold Grigsby when he was based at Lakenheath in the early 1950s. Her father was sent back to the US before Elaine was born in 1953. Elaine's mother told her her father's name and that he was from Washington DC. In 1996 with her husband Elaine finally found her father and met her American family.[20]

Strike Eagle, 1992–2014

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McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle 91-310, 'LN', 494 FS / 48 FW, at RAF Lakenheath, July 2009

Lakenheath received its first McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles in 1992. On 16 December 1992, the last F-111 departed the base. Along with its departure, the 493d FS was inactivated, but then reactivated as an F-15 Eagle squadron.[21]

On 2 March 2011, members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in a shooting at Frankfurt Airport in Germany. The members were on a bus bound for Ramstein Air Base in Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman.[22]

On 22 March 2011, F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in eastern Libya after reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure. Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered.[23] On 7 January 2014, a Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk from the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter (also a Pave Hawk), into the Cley Marshes near Cley next the Sea on the nearby North Norfolk coast. All four occupants died in the crash.[24][25]

On 8 October 2014, F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493rd Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding, Lincolnshire. The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk.[26]

A U.S. Marine Corps Boeing F/A-18 Hornet of VMFA-232 "Red Devils" from MCAS Miramar, California, crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015. The pilot, Major Taj "Cabbie" Sareen (34), did not survive.[27]

In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of fighter aircraft, the Liberty Wing housed the 56th Rescue Squadron's HH-60G combat search and rescue helicopters. The 56th Rescue Squadron re-located to Aviano Air Base in 2018.[28]

On 15 June 2020, an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea, 74 nautical miles east of Scarborough at about 54°21′00″N 001°40′00″E / 54.35000°N 1.66667°E / 54.35000; 1.66667. The body of pilot 1st Lt. Kenneth Allen was found deceased.[29][30]

F-35

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A F-35A of the 495th FS land at Lakenheath, 15 December 2021.

F-35A Lightning II

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In January 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that from 2020, Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Force's Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II multi-role fighters.[31][32] The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station. The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath.[33]

The 495th Fighter Squadron was reactivated on 1 October 2021 to be the first Lightning II squadron at Lakenheath, with the first aircraft arriving on 15 December 2021.[34][35]

F-35 Infrastructure

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In 2017, a F-35 campus was being constructed on the south side of the airfield to accommodate the new aircraft.[36] As of 2018, the main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project were as follows: a two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service, maintenance, storage, and staff support facilities (to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2), hangar 6 (Consolidated Parts Store) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6, including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts., a dual squadron operations/aircraft maintenance unit (a three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit (AMU) facilities, including mission planning, administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space), a corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack, a Flight simulator facility ( a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators, administration, records, classrooms, brief/debrief rooms, and storage space, a field training detachment facility (a three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance, including classrooms and administration rooms), aircraft ground equipment facilities (a single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance), a fuel system maintenance dock (a single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock), a munitions maintenance facility (a single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions), residential accommodation (a three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds), a dining facility, a munitions storage administration maintenance building, a hospital up to four storeys to provide inpatient services, outpatient and speciality care clinics, ancillary services, support and medical administrative functions and a high school to house about 560 students.[37]

The airfield operational surfaces were also being expanded as follows: Charlie Apron, used by F-15s was to be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight, canopy structure with open sides to a total area of Charlie Apron of about 78,392 square metres, combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres. It was to be connected to maintenance hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the squadron operations/AMU building. Alpha-Bravo Apron was to be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft using Charlie Apron to an area of about 54,179 square metres, combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres, to accommodate up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft on the open apron which would not feature any shelters.[38]

Infrastructure delivery

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Investment of $148.4 million (£116.7M) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018.[39]

In November 2018, the Defence Infrastructure Organisation awarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture between Kier Group and VolkerFitzpatrick.[40]

To make way for the F-35 Campus, demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019.[41] The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020, allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp.[42]

Accidents involving nuclear weapons

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Main article: RAF Lakenheath nuclear weapons accidents

Two accidents involving nuclear weapons happened at RAF Lakenheath, in 1956 and 1961.[43]

Based units

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Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath.[44]

United States Air Force

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United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)

  • 48th Fighter Wing
    • 48th Operations Group
    • 48th Maintenance Group
      • 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
      • 48th Component Maintenance Squadron
      • 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron
      • 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron
      • 48th Munitions Squadron
      • 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
    • 48th Medical Group
      • 48th Dental Squadron
      • 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron
      • 48th Medical Operations Squadron
      • 48th Medical Support Squadron
      • 48th Surgical Operations Squadron
    • 48th Mission Support Group
      • 48th Civil Engineer Squadron
      • 48th Communications Squadron
      • 48th Contracting Squadron
      • 48th Force Support Squadron
      • 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron
      • 48th Security Forces Squadron
    • 48th Fighter Wing Staff Agencies
      • Judge Advocate Office
      • Public Affairs
      • 48th Comptroller Squadron
      • Safety - Occupational/Weapons/Aviation
      • Equal Opportunities
      • Sexual Assault Prevention
      • Protocol
      • Inspector General

The base also has 1,500 British and US civilian staff, that serve the base at the site.[45]

Nuclear Weapons

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Although never officially confirmed, US nuclear weapons were based at Lakenheath from the first deployment of SAC aircraft to the base in the 1950s until the 1990s. As of 2024, no US nuclear weapons are known to be based in the UK. In February 2024, US documents detailing the awarding of contracts to build new storage facilities for nuclear cores stimulated public discussion in East Anglia that nuclear weapons may be redeployed to Lakenheath in the near future.[46]

Heritage

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Gate guardian

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RAF Lakenheath's gate guardian is North American F-100D Super Sabre, serial number '54-2269'. The aircraft was originally delivered to the French Air Force. On return it was moved to the "Wings of Liberty Memorial Park" at RAF Lakenheath. Firstly it was painted as '55-4048', latterly as '56-3319'.[47]

Protests

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Demonstrators outside RAF Lakenheath following its use in the 1986 bombing of Libya

Since the base's founding, RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such as Stop the war coalition and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Pershing

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Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System. The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe, and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites. The radical historian E.P. Thompson wrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city of Cambridge:

"...Lakenheath is, by crow or cruise, just over twenty miles from Cambridge. It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP. Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima, without taking into account any possible detonations, release of radio-active materials, etc., if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed." [48]

A semi-permanent 'peace camp' was set up outside RAF Lakenheath.[49] In 1985, the future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath.[50][51]

Libya

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Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the 1986 United States bombing of Libya.[52]

 
Protestors including Jeremy Corbyn, outside RAF Lakenheath in 2006.

Iraq war and later

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The 2003 invasion of Iraq sparked a new wave of peace protests. In one incident, 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence. The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway, before chaining themselves together.[53]

Activists later established a 'peace camp' outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base.[54]

In 2006, a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath. Addressing the crowd was Jeremy Corbyn, who cycled to RAF Lakenheath from the railway station in Ely.[55][56] There were further protests on this issue in 2008.[57]

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  •  
    48th Fighter Wing
  •  
    A 492d Fighter Squadron F-15E Strike Eagle from Lakenheath lifts off from the airfield's runway
  •  
    The F-100 is displayed on a permanent stand. It was the second aircraft to represent the Liberty Wing. It flew for the 48th Fighter Wing between 1956 and 1972 before it was replaced by the F-4 Phantom.
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    A F-15C Eagle aircraft from the 493rd Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing, parked on the apron at RAF Lakenheath

See also

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References

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Citations

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  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency   This article incorporates public domain material from RAF Lakenheath. United States Air Force.

  1. ^ "Defence Estates Development Plan (DEDP) 2009 – Annex A" (PDF). GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 3 July 2009. p. 18. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Timeline Part 5". Lakenheath Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Lakenheath". The Military Standard. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Lakenheath Factsheets". US Air Force. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  5. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 62.
  6. ^ Bowyer 1979, p. 137.
  7. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 67.
  8. ^ Bowyer 1979, p. 138.
  9. ^ "3910 Installation Squadron" (PDF). Department of the Air Force - Organizational Histories (usafunithistory.com). Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  10. ^ Powers, Francis (1960). Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 23,29. ISBN 9781574884227.
  11. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas R6D-1 (DC-6) 131588 Land's End, UK". aviation-safety.net.
  12. ^ "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos—Third Series (130265 to 135773)". www.joebaugher.com.
  13. ^ "Chronological History of Naval Air Transprt". www.vrc-50.org. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  14. ^ Grossnick, Roy A., United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, undated ISBN 0-945274-34-3, p. 214, claims the date was 11 October 1956.
  15. ^ "The History, Heritage and Heraldry of the 48th Fighter Wing" (PDF). 48th Fighter Wing History Office. 2 October 2015. p. 1. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  16. ^ "F-100D 55-2806 at Lakenheath, May 1966". airhistory.net. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  17. ^ "F-100D 56-3213 at Lakenheath, June 1970". airhistory.net. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  18. ^ a b The History, Heritage and Heraldry of the 48th Fighter Wing, p. 6
  19. ^ Bland, Lucy (2020). Britain's 'brown babies' : the stories of children born to black GIs and white women in the Second World War. Manchester. ISBN 978-1-5261-5405-7. OCLC 1159422997.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ a b "'Brown babies' born in the 1950s". The Mixed Museum. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  21. ^ The History, Heritage and Heraldry of the 48th Fighter Wing, p. 9
  22. ^ "Two U.S. airmen killed in German airport shooting". CNN. 3 March 2011.
  23. ^ "US F-15 Eagle crash lands in Libya". BBC News. 22 March 2011.
  24. ^ "Helicopter crash in Cley". Norfolk Constabulary. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
  25. ^ "Geese caused fatal USAF helicopter crash in Cley, report says". BBC. 9 July 2014.
  26. ^ "Safety fears after US jet crash". BBC News. 9 October 2014.
  27. ^ "US Marine Corps pilot killed in F-18 jet crash in Cambridgeshire Fens". BBC Online. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  28. ^ "News". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  29. ^ Sandalls, Katy (16 June 2020). "RAF Lakenheath airman who died following North Sea crash named". East Anglian Daily Times.
  30. ^ "RAF Lakenheath: US fighter jet crashes into North Sea". BBC Online. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  31. ^ Richmond, Tech. Sgt. Jake (8 January 2015). "Air Force F-35 Squadrons Slated for RAF Lakenheath Basing". US Department of Defense. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  32. ^ "US announces first F-35 in Europe to be based in the UK". GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  33. ^ Howard, William (9 January 2017). "New facilities planned for F-35s at RAF Lakenheath". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  34. ^ Hadley, Greg (1 October 2021). "Air Force Activates First F-35 Squadron in Europe Ahead of Fighters' Arrival". Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  35. ^ Mahshie, Abraham (15 December 2021). "RAF Lakenheath Becomes the First European Base With a US F-35". Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  36. ^ Murphy, Rebecca (23 December 2017). "An exciting era as RAF Lakenheath prepares for the arrival of the F-35A Lightning". Thetford and Brandon Times. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  37. ^ Le Brecht 2018, pp. 5–8.
  38. ^ Le Brecht 2018, p. 9.
  39. ^ "RAF Lakenheath Gets $150 Million of Investment For F-35A". Forces Network. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  40. ^ "MOD awards £160m contract to prepare RAF Lakenheath for US F-35s". GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  41. ^ "Demolition work begins at RAF Lakenheath". GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence and Defence Infrastructure Organisation. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  42. ^ Smith, Airman 1st Class Rhonda (14 August 2020). "Strike Eagles make room for F-35A arrival". Royal Air Force Lakenheath. US Air Force. Retrieved 16 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ Evans, Rob (13 October 2003). "MoD catalogues its nuclear blunders". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  44. ^ "Units". Royal Air Force Lakenheath. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  45. ^ Krasteva, Gergana (19 February 2024). "UK village that could be Putin's 'first target' if World War Three breaks out".
  46. ^ Precey, Matt (18 February 2024). "'Are US nuclear weapons set to return to RAF Lakenheath?'". BBC. BBC. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  47. ^ "Aircraft Data 54-2269, North American F-100D Super Sabre C/N 223-149". Airport-Data.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  48. ^ "1980 Protest and Survive" (PDF). Wilson Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  49. ^ "Karthy Nair, progressive educator who always made herself heard". Islington Tribune.
  50. ^ "Williams". Magdalene College.
  51. ^ "Rowan Williams: God's boxer". The Guardian. 8 July 2011.
  52. ^ "Tension Over Libya: Thousands Take to the Streets; Anti-U.s. Protests Spread as Europeans Criticize Raid". The New York Times. Associated Press. 20 April 1986. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  53. ^ "Arrests made after air base break-in". East Anglian Daily Times. 11 March 2003.
  54. ^ "Activists gather at RAF Lakenheath to protest nukes". Stars and Stripes.
  55. ^ "Indymedia Cambridge, UK | Anti-Nuclear Campaigners Locked-On to Munitions Gate at USAF Lakenheath NOW". www.indymedia.org.uk. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  56. ^ "Peace campaigner stage base protest". East Anglian Daily Times. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  57. ^ Gooderham, Dave (19 May 2008). "'Nuclear bombs' protest at Suffolk base". East Anglian Daily Times. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

Bibliography

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