Quinoline Yellow WS is a mixture of organic compounds derived from the dye Quinoline Yellow SS (spirit soluble). Owing to the presence of sulfonate groups, the WS dyes are water-soluble (WS). It is a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione with a maximum absorption wavelength of 416 nm.[4]p. 119
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Sodium 2-(1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl)quinolinedisulfonate
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Other names
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.116.526 |
| EC Number |
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| E number | E104 (colours) |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C18H13NO5/8/11S1/2/3Na1/2/3 | |
| Molar mass | 477.38 g/mol |
| Appearance | Greenish yellow powder |
| Melting point | 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K) (decomposes) |
| Soluble[2] | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 1.8 |
| Hazards[3] | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Warning | |
| H302 | |
| P264, P270, P301+P312, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Uses
editQuinoline Yellow is used as a greenish yellow food additive in certain countries, designated in Europe as the E number E104.[5] In the EU and Australia, Quinoline Yellow is permitted in beverages and is used in foods, like sauces, decorations, and coatings; Quinoline Yellow is not listed as a permitted food additive in Canada or the US, where it is permitted in medicines and cosmetics and is known as D&C Yellow 10.[6]: 461 The Codex Alimentarius does not list it.[6]: 461
Health effects
editQuinoline Yellow WS has not been associated with any significant long-term toxicity, is not genotoxic or carcinogenic and there is no evidence of adverse effects on reproduction or development.[6] Food colorants in general have been the subject of much scrutiny for their effect on health.[7]
Possible cause of hyperactivity
editSince the 1970s and the well-publicized advocacy of Benjamin Feingold, there has been public concern that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children.[8] These concerns have led the U.S. FDA and other food safety authorities to regularly review the scientific literature, and led the UK FSA to commission a study by researchers at the University of Southampton to assess the effect of a mixture of six food dyes (Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow WS, Sunset Yellow FCF and Carmoisine (dubbed the "Southampton 6")) and sodium benzoate (a preservative) on children in the general population, who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007.[8][9] The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children;[8][9] the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended".[8]
The European regulatory community, with a stronger emphasis on the precautionary principle, required labelling and temporarily reduced the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers.[8][9] However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects".[8][10] On the basis of other evidence the EFSA also reduced the acceptable daily intake (ADI) from 10 to 0.5 mg/kg.[10]
The US FDA did not make changes following the publication of the Southampton study, but following a citizen petition filed by the Center for Science in the Public Interest in 2008, requesting the FDA ban several food additives, the FDA commenced a review of the available evidence, and still made no changes.[8]
No evidence supports broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children.[11]: 452 It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.[8][12]
References
edit- ^ "QUINOLINE YELLOW WS (C.I. ACID YELLOW 3)". Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- ^ Additives FAO [dead link]
- ^ "Quinoline Yellow for microscopy (Hist.), mixture of mono- and disulfonic acid sodium salt". Sigma Aldrich.
- ^ Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1991). Guide to specifications for general notices: general analytical techniques, identification tests, test solutions, and other reference materials (Rev. 2 [= ed. 1991] ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251029916.
- ^ "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers", Food Standards Agency website, retrieved 15 Dec 2011
- ^ a b c Abbey J, et at. Colorants. pp 459-465 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. ISBN 9780123786135
- ^ Amchova, Petra; Kotolova, Hana; Ruda-Kucerova, Jana "Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants" Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2015), 73(3), 914-922.doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026
- ^ a b c d e f g h FDA. Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30-31, 2011
- ^ a b c Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011 [Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages]
- ^ a b EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS (November 2009). "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Quinoline Yellow (E 104) as a food additive". EFSA Journal. 7 (11): 1329. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1329.
- ^ Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. Food Additives - General pp 449-454 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. ISBN 9780123786135
- ^ Millichap JG, Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Pediatrics. 129 (2): 330–337. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. PMID 22232312. S2CID 14925322.