Porphyrios (Greek: Πορφύριος) was a large whale that harassed and sank ships in the waters near Constantinople in the sixth century. Active for over fifty years, Porphyrios caused great concern for Byzantine seafarers. Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) made it an important matter to capture it, though he could not come up with a way to do so. Porphyrios eventually met its end when it beached itself near the mouth of the Black Sea and was attacked and cut into pieces by a mob of locals.
Name
editThe whale was given the name Porphyrios by Byzantine sailors; the name is sometimes alternatively rendered as Porphyrius, Porphyrion, Porphyry[1] or Porphyrio[2] and its origin is not clear.[1] Common hypotheses on the name include it being derived from the contemporary charioteer Porphyrius[1][3] or from the mythological giant Porphyrion, who waged war against the gods of Greek mythology.[1] Anthony Kaldellis suggested in 2010 that the name of the whale alluded to the imperial purple and was "a sign of the respect in which the whale was held".[4] This idea was also supported by Sian Lewis and Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones in 2018, who believed the name alluded to the color of royalty and was a sign of great awe for the whale.[5]
In 1996, James Allan Stewart Evans suggested that the name was a reference to the color of the whale's skin.[6] Porphyra meant a deep purple color in Greek and Porphyrios might have had dark-wine colored skin.[7] This was further supported by John K. Papadopoulos and Deborah Ruscillo in 2002, who believed the name simply meant "purple".[8] Daniel Ogden in 2008 also supported the idea that Porphyrios evoked the color of the whale, believing that the name was best interpreted as "purple boy".[9] Kaldellis also supported this etymology in 2017.[7]
Life
editPorphyrios is mentioned in the writings of the 6th-century Byzantine historian Procopius, both in the History of the Wars (VII 29)[7] and The Secret History.[4] According to Procopius, Porphyrios measured 13.7 meters (45 ft) long and 4.6 meters (15 ft) wide.[1] Whales were not well understood in antiquity or in the Middle Ages and were often seen simply as great monsters.[5]
It is not possible to confidently identify which species Porphyrios belonged to.[8] It might have been a sperm whale[2][7][8][9] or an unusually large orca.[10][11] Identification as a sperm whale is supported by its size, lengthy lifespan and temperament.[8] On the other hand, identification as an orca is supported by its geographical location, since true whales rarely venture into the waters which Porphyrios is known to have frequented.[6] If the name is a reference to the skin color, it could support either identification since both the black of orcas and dark brownish gray of sperm whales could be misinterpreted as dark purple.[6][8]
The most accepted theory on how Porphyrios ended up in the waters of Constantinople is that when it was young, it swam through the Dardanelles while hunting and the strong currents of the strait prevented it from returning to the Aegean sea. It also could not enter the Black Sea, a sea that whales avoid due to the low levels of oxygen in its waters[clarification needed]. Consequently, Porphyrios was trapped in the Sea of Marmara. It is probable that it was the only whale in these waters and as a result had an abundance of prey to feed on.[12] If it was an orca, this could explain its enormous size.
Porphyrios harassed ships in the waters of Constantinople for over fifty years,[7] though not continuously since it at times disappeared for lengthy periods.[4] It most frequently appeared in the Bosporus Strait.[1] Porphyrios made no distinctions in regard to which ships it attacked, recorded as having attacked fishing vessels, merchant ships and warships.[1] Many ships were sunk by Porphyrios, and its mere reputation terrified the crews of many more; ships often took detours to go around the waters where the whale most commonly swam.[4] Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), perplexed by the whale attacks and wishing to keep sea routes safe,[11] made it a matter of great concern to capture Porphyrios, though he was unable to devise a means to do it.[1][4][13]
When chasing dolphins one day, Porphyrios ran aground near the mouth of the Sakarya River and was beached.[1][14] Though Porphyrios struggled and attempted to get out of the mud, it only managed to sink deeper into the mud, and become more stuck.[4] Locals in the vicinity quickly organized themselves into a mob to kill the famous sea monster, rushing out with axes and ropes.[1][7] They first attempted to kill Porphyrios using their axes, but their cuts into its flesh had little effect.[4] Using ropes and wagons, Porphyrios was then hauled further up the beach[1] and the whale was attacked and cut into pieces. Some of the attackers stored away their portion of the meat whereas others began to consume it on the spot.[7]
Legacy
editAccording to Procopius, the death of Porphyrios was a great relief to the general population, though some speculated that the killed whale might have been a different whale.[4][13] Porphyrios is the earliest documented case of a rogue whale attacking seafarers.[15]
Porphyrios was mentioned in Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789); Gibbon believed Porphyrios to have been a "stranger and wanderer" since there are no species comparable to it in size and behavior in the Mediterranean. In the commentary of George Horne (1730–1792) on Gibbon's Decline and Fall, Horne interpreted Gibbon's passage on the whale as subtly implying that it was a fictional beast. Angered by this, Horne wrote on Porphyrios that "either God had prepared a whale specially for this purpose, or it was not a whale at all".[16] The tale of Porphyrios is mentioned in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851) as a historical case of a whale attacking humans.[2]
Porphyrios appears in Robert Graves's historical fiction novel Count Belisarius (1938). In Count Belisarius, Justinian, after receiving complaints from friends and acquaintances of his wife Empress Theodora, dispatches the famed general Belisarius to hunt for the whale. Belisarius takes a warship equipped with a catapult to search for Porphyrios and the whale is discovered while heading towards Constantinople. The crew begin throwing harpoons and shooting arrows, though this has little effect as Porphyrios dives beneath the waves and swims away. The battle between Belisarius and Porphyrios has sometimes erroneously been mentioned as a real event by some later authors.[17][18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hansley, Keith (28 June 2020). "The Tale Of A Monstrous Whale That Harassed Ships In the Age Of Justinian". The Historian's Hut. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ a b c Crow, Matthew (2020). "Littoral Leviathan: Histories of Oceans, Laws, and Empires". In Cavanagh, Edward (ed.). Empire and Legal Thought: Ideas and Institutions from Antiquity to Modernity. Leiden: BRILL. p. 362. ISBN 978-90-04-43098-3.
- ^ Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). "Porphyry the whale". The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kaldellis, Anthony (2010). The Secret History: with Related Texts. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-1-60384-408-6.
- ^ a b Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018). "Wild animals". The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-78249-4.
- ^ a b c Evans, J. A. S. (2002) [1996]. The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power. London: Routledge. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-134-55976-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). A Cabinet of Byzantine Curiosities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780190625948.
- ^ a b c d e Papadopoulos, John K.; Ruscillo, Deborah (2002). "A Ketos in Early Athens: An Archaeology of Whales and Sea Monsters in the Greek World". American Journal of Archaeology. 106 (2): 187–227. doi:10.2307/4126243. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 4126243. S2CID 191380624.
- ^ a b Ogden, Daniel (2008). Perseus. London: Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-134-09062-4.
- ^ Zucker, Arnaud (2020). "Zoology". In Lazaris, Stavros (ed.). A Companion to Byzantine Science. Vol. 6. Leiden: BRILL. p. 281. ISBN 978-90-04-41461-7.
- ^ a b Irby, Georgia L. (2021). Conceptions of the Watery World in Greco-Roman Antiquity. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-13646-5.
- ^ balaska, eleni (23 February 2021). "Η φάλαινα που τρομοκράτησε την Θεοδώρα και ο Ιουστινιανός ζήτησε να συλληφθεί. Την ονόμασαν Πορφύριο, και την τεμάχισαν ανήμπορη, όταν κόλλησε στα αβαθή". ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ (in Greek). Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ^ a b Szabo, Vicki Ellen (2008). Monstrous Fishes and the Mead-Dark Sea: Whaling in the Medieval North Atlantic. Leiden: BRILL. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-04-16398-0.
- ^ "Πορφύριος, ο τρόμος του Βοσπόρου". www.enet.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ^ Finley, Skip (2020). Whaling Captains of Color: America's First Meritocracy. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-68247-832-5.
- ^ Aston, Nigel (1995). "Infidelity Ancient and Modern: George Horne Reads Edward Gibbon". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 27 (4): 561–582. doi:10.2307/4052532. ISSN 0095-1390. JSTOR 4052532.
- ^ Freely, John (1998). "Chapter 1". Istanbul: The Imperial City. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-192605-6.
- ^ Triantafyllou, Giannis (5 August 2010). "Το τραγούδι της φάλαινας μοιάζει με το δικό μας" [Whale song sounds like ours]. Enet (in Greek). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.