Peace-weavers (Old English: freothwebbe) were Anglo-Saxon women who were married to a member of an enemy tribe for the purpose of establishing peace between feuding groups.[1] It was hoped that by relating two tribes, the animosity between them would be eased as individuals would be reluctant to kill their own flesh and blood.
History
editAnglo-Saxons thrived on battle. Politically organized into tribes with local chieftains, Anglo-Saxons were sworn to protect their leaders and had a fierce loyalty to their own tribes. Tacitus said of the Germanic people: "They choose their kings for their noble birth, their leaders for their valour ... Many noble youths, if the land of their birth is stagnating in a protracted peace, deliberately seek out other tribes, where some war is afoot."[2] With this cultural background, peace was difficult to achieve in Anglo-Saxon communities. There were two major ways that the Anglo-Saxons tried to establish peace between tribes. One was weregild, and the other was the creation of peace-weaver.[3] Although tribes attempted to establish peace through these means, their intended goals were rarely met, as fighting was an institution more honorable than peace.
A few scholars believe that the term "peace-weavers" "does not necessarily reflect a Germanic custom of giving a woman in marriage to a hostile tribe in order to secure peace. Rather, it is a poetic metaphor referring to the person whose function it seems to be to perform openly the action of making peace by weaving to the best of her art a tapestry of friendship and amnesty."[1] This argument originates from the idea that the term is used to refer to angels that are sent from God as peace-weavers between God and man. Thus, peace-weaver can have a broader meaning, but when speaking of peace-weavers in literature, the most common discussions revolve around women married to rival tribes in order to establish peace between warring peoples.
Literature
editThe Anglo-Saxon word for peace-weaver is freothuwebbe (fríÞwebbe). It is a kenning, a literary device common in Anglo-Saxon poetry.[4]
Beowulf
editTwo main characters in Beowulf stand as peace-weavers. Wealhþeow is a fairly able peace-weaver inasmuch as a peace-weaver can be effective.[5] She attended to the successes of her husband and sons while providing her daughter as another peace-weaver to a different enemy tribe. The Old English describes Wealhþeow as both a freothuwebbe, or a peace-weaver, and as a frithu-sibb, a peace-pledge. Some scholars consider the minor difference in terms as irrelevant. Others, though, point out the difference distinguishing freothuwebbe as one who weaves peace socially and frithu-sibb as one who creates peace politically.[1] Wealhþeow's role as a peace-weaver is both social and political, and she is clearly effective in both dimensions.
The second character portrayed in the peace-weaving role is Hildeburh. She experiences, unlike Wealhþeow, the destruction of her husband's people (including her own son) and her brother's people. Hildeburh, too, serves as a peace-pledge bringing the Danes and Frisians together. She returned to her home land after her husband's kingdom was destroyed. This history represents the conflict that many peace-weavers felt: with whom should the loyalty lie? Anglo-Saxon tradition says that once married, the peace-weaver's duties and loyalties lie first and foremost with her new husband.[6]
In this text the queen of the Danes gives Brosinga mene (read Brísingamen) to Beowulf as the price for killing Grendel. She acts as a Völva.
"The Wife's Lament"
editAlthough the term peace-weaver is not specifically mentioned in this particular piece, it has been hypothesized that the narrator is a peace-weaver who is mourning the distance between herself and her husband, and she remains with his family.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Dorothy Carr Porter, "The Heroic Age: The Social Centrality of Women in Beowulf". Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2006., "The Social Centrality of Women in Beowulf: A New Context," The Heroic Age Issue 5
- ^ "The Anglo-Saxon Fyrd c. 400–878 A.D."
- ^ Michael Delahoyde, [1], Washington State University
- ^ Ellen Amatangelo and Dr. Rick McDonald, [2], "Peace Weavers," Utah Valley University
- ^ Anthea Rebecca Andrade, [3], The Anglo-Saxon Peace Weaving Warrior, 2006
- ^ Jennifer Michelle Gardner, [4], "The Peace Weaver: Wealhtheow in Beowulf, 2006
- ^ Ellen Amatangelo and Dr. Rick McDonald, [5], "The Wife's Lament," Utah Valley University