Otto Ciliax (30 October 1891 – 12 December 1964) was a German naval officer who served in the navies of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. As an admiral during World War II, he commanded the German battleships. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
Otto Ciliax | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 30 October 1891 Neudietendorf, German Empire |
| Died | 12 December 1964 (aged 73) Lübeck-Travemünde, West Germany |
| Allegiance |  German Empire (to 1918) Weimar Republic (to 1933) Nazi Germany |
| Service |  Imperial German Navy Reichsmarine Kriegsmarine |
| Years of service | 1910–45 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Unit | SMS Victoria Louise SMS Württemberg SMS Vulkan SMS Hannover SM U-52 |
| Commands | SM UB-96 SM UC-27 T 92 T 107 T 181 T 140 T 145 G8 S18 1st Torpedo-Boat Half-Flotilla Admiral Scheer Scharnhorst heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen Commander, Battleships Naval High Command, Norway |
| Battles / wars | World War I
|
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
Early life and career
editCiliax was born on 30 October 1891 in Neudietendorf, at the time part of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He joined the military service of the Imperial German Navy on 1 April 1910 as a Seekadett of "Crew 1910" (the incoming class of 1910). He started his first naval infantry training course with the sea cadet detachment on SMS Victoria Louise on 7 April 1910.[Tr 1] Onboard training on Victory Louise began on 13 May before he was transferred to the Naval Academy Mürwik on 1 April 1911 for the main cadet and officer course.[Tr 2][Tr 3][1] Afterwards, starting on 1 October 1912 he served on the battleship SMS Hannover and was promoted to Leutnant zur See (acting sub-lieutenant/ensign) on 27 September 1913.
World War I
editCiliax was still serving on Hannover when World War I broke out on 28 July 1914. He was a watch officer on SM U-52 when it sank the cruiser HMS Nottingham on 19 August 1916. After completing submarine commander's training, he was given SM UB-96 in June 1918 and SM UC-27 in September that year.
Between the wars
editHe remained with the Reichsmarine after the German collapse of 1918, serving as torpedo boat commander and staff officer, heading the operations department (Operationsabteilung) of the Naval High Command (Oberkommando der Marine) in 1936. In 1936 he was given command of the German cruiser Admiral Scheer (22 September 1936 – 30 October 1938) and served as the Commander of the Sea-Force (Befehlshaber der Seestreitkräfte "Spanien") from 22 March 1938 to 26 June 1938 during the Spanish Civil War. He commanded the German battleship Scharnhorst when war broke out in September 1939.
World War II
editIn June 1941 he became Type Commander, Battleships (Befehlshaber der Schlachtschiffe). In this position he commanded Operation Cerberus, better known as "the Channel Dash", when German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, and a number of other smaller vessels were transferred from Brest to their respective home bases in Germany for planned deployment to Norwegian waters in February 1942. Ciliax flew his flag on Scharnhorst. Although the success of the operation was seen as an embarrassment to the British because the ships were able to pass through the English Channel almost undetected (though both Scharnhorst and Gneisenau struck a minefield en route), the transfer from Brest to Germany eliminated the threat they had posed to Allied shipping in the Atlantic. In February 1942, during operations in Norway, Vice-Admiral Otto Ciliax commanded a flotilla of warships that included the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, which served as his flagship during the voyage. From March 1943 until April 1945 Ciliax was Commander-in-Chief of German naval forces in Norway (Marinekommando Norwegen).[2]
Awards
edit- Iron Cross (1914)
- Knight's Cross Second Class of the Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House Order with Swords[4]
- Military Merit Cross 3rd class with war decoration (Austria-Hungary)
- U-boat War Badge (1918)
- Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th to 1st Class (2 October 1936)[4]
- Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (6 June 1939)[4]
- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)
- Commander's Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (11 March 1941)[4]
- Medal for the Campaign of 1936−1939 (Spain)
- German Cross in Gold on 20 November 1941 as Vizeadmiral and commander of the battleships[5]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 March 1942 as Vizeadmiral and commander of the battleships[6][7]
- High Seas Fleet Badge (1941)[4]
Promotions
edit| 1 April 1910: | Seekadett (Midshipman)[4] |
| 15 April 1911: | Fähnrich zur See (Officer Cadet) with patent L1[4] |
| 15 April 1912: | Fähnrich zur See (Officer Cadet) with patent A[4] |
| 27 September 1913: | Leutnant zur See (Ensign or Acting Sub-Lieutenant) with patent B[4] |
| 22 March 1916: | Oberleutnant zur See (Lieutenant Junior Grade or Sub-Lieutenant) with patent B[4] |
| 29 June 1920: | Kapitänleutnant (Captain Lieutenant) with patent C[4] |
| 1 October 1928: | Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain)[4] |
| 1 October 1933: | Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain)[4] |
| 1 July 1935: | Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea)[4] |
| 1 November 1939: | Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral)[4] |
| 1 June 1941: | Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral)[4] |
| 1 February 1943: | Admiral (Admiral)[4] |
Translation notes
editReferences
editCitations
editBibliography
edit- Dörr, Manfred (1995). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Überwasserstreitkräfte der Kriegsmarine—Band 1: A–K [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Surface Forces of the Navy—Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2453-2.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Hildebrand, Hans H.; Henriot, Ernest (1988). A-G (in German). Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag. ISBN 3-7648-1499-3.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
- Potter, John Deane (1982) [1970]. Breakout. Toronto; New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-20749-1.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.