Mozdok or Kurugada (Russian: Моздо́к; Ossetian: Мæздæг, Mæzdæg) is a town and the administrative center of Mozdoksky District in North Ossetia–Alania, Russia, located on the left shore of the Terek River, 92 kilometers (57 mi) north of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 38,768.[3]
Mozdok
Моздок | |
|---|---|
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Ossetic | Мæздæг |
 Mozdok railway station | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Mozdok  | |
  Mozdok Location of Mozdok  Mozdok Mozdok (North Ossetia–Alania) | |
| Coordinates: 43°44′N 44°42′E / 43.733°N 44.700°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | North Ossetia–Alania[1] |
| Administrative district | Mozdoksky District[1] |
| Town Under District Jurisdiction | Mozdok[1] |
| Founded | 1700s (as the Circassian village of Mezdeug) 1763 (as Mozdok Russian fort after the local population was massacred)[2] |
| Elevation | 131 m (430 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 38,768 |
| • Capital of | Mozdoksky District,[1] Mozdok Town Under District Jurisdiction[1] |
| • Municipal district | Mozdoksky Municipal District[4] |
| • Urban settlement | Mozdokskoye Urban Settlement[4] |
| • Capital of | Mozdoksky Municipal District,[4] Mozdokskoye Urban Settlement[4] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [5]) |
| Postal code(s)[6] | 362028, 363750–363760 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 86736 |
| OKTMO ID | 90630101001 |
Etymology
editThe town's name comes from "мэз дэгу (mez dugu)", a Kabardian word meaning "the dense forest".[7]
History
editDuring the reign of Catherine II the Russian army started entering Circassian soil and Russia started building forts in an attempt to quickly annex Circassia. In 1763, Russian forces occupied the village of Mezdeug in Eastern Circassia, and established Mozdok as a Russian fort, settling the families of the Volga Cossacks in stanitsas around it.[2] Thus, the Russo-Circassian War began.
In 1764, the Kabardian leaders' request to the Russian government that the fortress be destroyed went unanswered. In the years that followed, the Kabardians tried to besiege the town, but they were eventually compelled to retreat. With the foundation of Mozdok, Russian authorities encouraged Ossetians, Georgians, Armenians, Spiritual Christians and other Christians to populate the town. It soon emerged as a key Russian military outpost linked to Kizlyar with a fortified line as well as the center of local trade, ethnic diversity, and Russian-Caucasian interchange. In 1789, 55.6% of its population was Armenian and Georgian. Ossetian settlement particularly increased in the 1820s when the Russian commander Yermolov began removing Kabardians from the area of the Georgian Military Road and settling Ossetians there.[2]
Moving south from Mozdok, Russia established contact with eastern Georgia through the Darial Gorge. Mozdok remained the northern terminal of the Georgian Military Road leading to Tbilisi until being succeeded by Vladikavkaz, founded in 1784 midway between Mozdok and the Darial Pass.[8] During the Russian Empire, the town was the administrative capital of the Mozdoksky Otdel of the Terek Oblast. In the beginning of the 19th century, some Muslim Ossetian families from Digoria settled in Mozdok establishing a Muslim Digor community there which still exists today.
The Brothers Dubinin created the world's first oil refining apparatus in Mozdok in 1823. [9]
On August 23, 1942, it was conquered by German troops during Case Blue. It was recaptured by the Red Army on January 3, 1943.[citation needed]
In June 2003, a suicide bomber struck a bus full of Russian air force personnel with their car.[10] On August 1, 2003, a military hospital in the city was targeted by a suicide bomber driving a large truck bomb. The building was substantially damaged and over fifty people were killed in the blast. These attacks are just two of a string of attacks on Russian facilities in Mozdok since the start of the Second Chechen War.[citation needed]
Administrative and municipal status
editWithin the framework of administrative divisions, Mozdok serves as the administrative center of Mozdoksky District.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Mozdoksky District as Mozdok Town Under District Jurisdiction.[1] As a municipal division, Mozdok Town Under District Jurisdiction is incorporated within Mozdoksky Municipal District as Mozdokskoye Urban Settlement.[4]
Culture
editThe Museum of Regional Studies in Mozdok holds an assortment of displays and artifacts related to Mozdok's history.
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 9,300 | — |
| 1926 | 14,000 | +50.5% |
| 1939 | 19,081 | +36.3% |
| 1959 | 25,611 | +34.2% |
| 1970 | 32,350 | +26.3% |
| 1979 | 34,394 | +6.3% |
| 1989 | 38,037 | +10.6% |
| 2002 | 42,865 | +12.7% |
| 2010 | 38,768 | −9.6% |
| 2021 | 36,784 | −5.1% |
| Source: Census data | ||
As of 2002, the ethnic makeup of Mozdok was as follows:[citation needed]
Military
editThere is an airbase near the town. From 1961 to 1998, the 182nd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment of Long Range Aviation, flying Tupolev Tu-95s, was based there.[11] The airbase has been used to support military operations in Chechnya during the First Chechen War, Second Chechen War, and in the Russo-Georgian War.[12][13][14] In June 2003, a female suicide bomber targeted a bus carrying pilots and other personnel employed at the airbase on the Mozdok-Prokhladnoye motorway, killing approximately 15 and wounding 12.[15][16]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Law #34-RZ
- ^ a b c Burbank, Jane; Ransel, David L. (1998). Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire. Indiana University Press. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-0-253-21241-2.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ a b c d e Law #16-RZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Barrett, Thomas M. (1999). At the edge of empire: the Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus frontier, 1700-1860. Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-3671-6, p. 44.
- ^ John Channon and Robert Hudson (1995). The Penguin historical atlas of Russia. Viking, ISBN 0-670-86461-7, p. 72.
- ^ Taran, Natalya (July 24, 2021). "Неизвестные гении нефтяной отрасли". Форпост Северо-Запад (in Russian). Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ BBC News mentions bombings
- ^ Butuwski, International Air Power Review, Summer 2004, No. 13, 82.
- ^ Cornell, Svante E.; Starr, S. Frederick (2015). The Guns of August 2008: Russia's War in Georgia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45652-0.
- ^ De Haas, Marcel (2004). Russian Security and Air Power, 1992-2002. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-135-76778-5.
- ^ Potter, Matt (2011). Outlaws Inc.: Under the Radar and on the Black Market with the World's Most Dangerous Smugglers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-60819-539-8.
- ^ Pravda.ru (2003). "Criminal case opened after blast in North Ossetian bus".
- ^ "Two years of attacks". BBC News. September 12, 2004.
Sources
edit- Закон №34-РЗ от 9 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия-Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 12 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение к Закону Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия–Алания" и Закон Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования Алагирский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №148(24949), 16 августа 2007 г. (Law #34-RZ of July 9, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of November 12, 2013 On Amending the Appendix to the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania" and the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Alagirsky District, Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, Establishing Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure". Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Закон №16-РЗ от 5 марта 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования Моздокский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений и установлении их границ», в ред. Закона №8-РЗ от 24 января 2006 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования Моздокский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений и установлении их границ"». Вступил в силу с 1 марта 2005 г. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №43 (24344), 15 марта 2005 г. (Law #16-RZ of March 5, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Mozdoksky District, Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, Establishing Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure and on Establishing Their Borders, as amended by the Law #56 of January 24, 2006 On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Mozdoksky District, Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, Establishing Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure and on Establishing Their Borders". Effective as of March 1, 2005.).