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Michael Strogoff

This article is about the novel. For the Mexican historical drama film, see Michael Strogoff (1944 film). For the 1976 miniseries, see Michel Strogoff (miniseries).

Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar (French: Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critic Leonard S. Davidow,[1] considers it one of Verne's best books. Davidow wrote, "Jules Verne has written no better book than this, in fact it is deservedly ranked as one of the most thrilling tales ever written." Unlike some of Verne's other novels, it is not science fiction, but its plot device is a scientific phenomenon (Leidenfrost effect). The book was later adapted to a play, by Verne himself and Adolphe d'Ennery. Incidental music to the play was written by Alexandre Artus in 1880 and by Franz von Suppé in 1893.[2] The book has been adapted several times for films, television and cartoon series.

Michael Strogoff
First edition, 1876
AuthorJules Verne
Original titleMichel Strogoff
TranslatorAgnes Kinloch Kingston (published under her husband's name: W. H. G. Kingston)
IllustratorJules Férat
LanguageFrench
SeriesThe Extraordinary Voyages #14
GenreAdventure novel
PublisherPierre-Jules Hetzel
Publication date
1876
Publication placeFrance
Published in English
1876
Media typePrint (Hardback)
Preceded byThe Survivors of the Chancellor 
Followed byOff on a Comet 

Plot summary

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Journey across Siberia

Michael Strogoff, a 30-year-old native of Omsk, is a courier for Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The Tartar khan (prince), Feofar Khan, incites a rebellion and separates the Russian Far East from the mainland, severing telegraph lines. Rebels encircle Irkutsk, where the local governor, a brother of the Tsar, is making a last stand. Strogoff is sent to Irkutsk to warn the governor about the traitor Ivan Ogareff, a former colonel, who was once demoted and exiled by this brother of the Tsar. He now seeks revenge: he intends to gain the governor's trust and then betray him and Irkutsk to the Tartar hordes.

 
An illustration from the novel Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar drawn by Jules Férat.

On his way to Irkutsk, Strogoff meets Nadia Fedor, daughter of an exiled political prisoner, Basil Fedor, who has been granted permission to join her father at his exile in Irkutsk; the English war correspondent Harry Blount of the Daily Telegraph; and Alcide Jolivet, a Frenchman reporting for his "cousin Madeleine" (presumably, for some unnamed French paper). Blount and Jolivet tend to follow the same route as Michael, separating and meeting again all the way through Siberia. He is supposed to travel under a false identity, posing as the pacific merchant Nicolas Korpanoff, but he is discovered by the Tartars when he meets his mother in their home city of Omsk.

Michael, his mother and Nadia are eventually captured by the Tartar forces, along with thousands of other Russians, during the storming of a city in the Ob River basin. The Tartars do not know Strogoff by sight, but Ogareff is aware of the courier's mission and when he is told that Strogoff's mother spotted her son in the crowd and called his name, but received no reply, he understands that Strogoff is among the captured and devises a scheme to force the mother to indicate him. Strogoff is indeed caught and handed over to the Tartars, and Ogareff alleges that Michael is a spy, hoping to have him put to death in some cruel way. After opening the Koran at random, Feofar decides that Michael will be blinded as punishment in the Tartar fashion, with a glowing hot blade. For several chapters the reader is led to believe that Michael was indeed blinded, but it transpires in fact that he was saved from this fate (his tears at his mother evaporated and saved his corneas) and was only pretending.

Eventually, Michael and Nadia escape, and travel to Irkutsk with a friendly peasant, Nicolas Pigassof. They are recaptured by the Tartars; Nicolas witnesses Nadia cruelly insulted by a Tartar soldier and murders Nadia's assaulter. The Tartars then abandon Nadia and Michael and carry Nicolas away, reserving him for a greater punishment. Nadia and Michael later discover him buried up to his neck in the ground; after he dies they bury him hastily and continue onwards with great difficulty. However, they eventually reach Irkutsk, and warn the Tsar's brother in time of Ivan Ogareff. Nadia's father has been appointed commander of a suicide battalion of exiles, who are all pardoned; he joins Nadia and Michael; some days later they are married.

Sources of information

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Exact sources of Verne's quite accurate knowledge of contemporary Eastern Siberia remain disputed. One popular version connects it to the novelist's meetings with anarchist Peter Kropotkin; however, Kropotkin arrived in France after Strogoff was published.[3] Another, more likely source, could have been Siberian businessman Mikhail Sidorov. Sidorov presented his collection of natural resources, including samples of oil and oil shales from Ukhta area, together with photographs of Ukhta oil wells, at the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna, where he could have met Verne.[3] Real-world oil deposits in Lake Baikal region do exist, first discovered in 1902 in Barguzin Bay and Selenge River delta,[4] but they are nowhere near the commercial size depicted by Verne.[5]

Verne's publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel sent the manuscript of the novel to the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev in August 1875 asking him for his comments on the accuracy of the conditions described in the book.[6]

While the physical description of Siberia is accurate, the Tartar rebellion described was not a rebellion and the strength as well as the geographical reach of the Tartars is highly exaggerated, although there had been one sizeable insurrection under Isatay Taymanuly in 1836–38 and a major uprising against Russia led by Kenesary Kasymuly between 1837 and 1847. After the Khanates had been gradually pushed back further South earlier in the 19th century, between 1865 and 1868 Russia had conquered the weakened Central Asian Uzbek Khanates of Kokand and Bukhara, both located much further South than the cities through which Strogoff travelled in the novel. While there thus had been war between Russia and "Tartars" a few years before Jules Verne wrote Michael Strogoff, no Tartar khan at the time was in a position to act as Feofar is described as doing; depicting late 19th-century Tartars as able to face Russians on anything resembling equal terms is an anachronism.

Musical adaptations

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Screen adaptations

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Title Year Country Director Strogoff Notes Refs
Michael Strogoff 1910 US J. Searle Dawley Charles Ogle silent one-reeler produced by Edison Studios, The Bronx, New York [7]
Michael Strogoff 1914 US Lloyd B. Carleton Jacob P. Adler silent; the master negatives and initial prints for this screen production burned in the 1914 Lubin vault fire
Michel Strogoff 1926 France / Germany Victor Tourjansky Ivan Mosjoukine silent [8]
Michel Strogoff 1936 France Jacques de Baroncelli,
Richard Eichberg 		Anton Walbrook [9]
The Czar's Courier 1936 Germany Richard Eichberg Anton Walbrook [10]
The Soldier and the Lady 1937 US George Nicholls, Jr. Anton Walbrook later released as Michael Strogoff [11]
Miguel Strogoff 1943 Mexico Miguel M Delgado Julián Soler [12]
Michel Strogoff 1956 France, Italy, Yugoslavia Carmine Gallone Curd Jürgens [13]
The Triumph of Michael Strogoff 1961 France, Italy Victor Tourjansky Curd Jürgens [14]
Strogoff 1970 Bulgaria, France, Italy Eriprando Visconti John Phillip Law Released in Germany as Der Kurier des Zaren and in France as Michel Strogoff [15]
Michel Strogoff 1975 Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary Jean-Pierre Decourt Raimund Harmstorf 4-part TV drama [16]
Michele Strogoff, il corriere dello zar 1999 Germany, France, Italy Fabrizio Costa Paolo Seganti [17]
Les Aventures extraordinaires de Michel Strogoff 2004 France Bruno-René Huchez,
Alexandre Huchez 		Anthony Delon
Michael Strogoff 2013 Italy episode of TV series "JV: The Extraordinary Adventures of Jules Verne"; totally divergent plot [18]

The town of Marfa, Texas was named after the character Marfa Strogoff in this novel.[19]

Boardgame

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In 2017 a board game was published by Devir Games, designed by Alberto Corral and developed and illustrated by Pedro Soto. Similar to the book, in the game players are couriers racing across Russia to thwart the assassination plot by Count Ivan Ogareff. Players will race one another but will also race the Count, who moves across Russia on a separate track. Along the way, players must face and overcome troubles such as bears and bad weather, avoid the spy Sangarra who tries to delay their progress, and avoid capture by the Tartar forces who conspire with Count Ogareff. Players must balance the racing element of the game, resting enough to preserve health, and dealing with the troubles they face along the way before crisis ensues. The game usually ends when a player confronts Ogareff in Irkusk and a showdown ensues. The game is highly thematic and true to the novel, with artwork that draws on traditional Russian carving techniques from the era.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Verne, Classic Romances of Literature: Michel Strogoff, Forward
  2. ^ "Theaterzettel: Der Courier des Czaren". www.theatermuseum.at (in German). Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  3. ^ a b Fuks, Matveychuk, pp. 371-373
  4. ^ Fuks, Matveychuk, pp. 374-375
  5. ^ Fuks, Matveychuk, p. 372
  6. ^ I. S. Turgenev, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy i pisem v 30 tomakh: Pis'ma, vol. 14 (1875) (Moscow, 2003), p. 136.
  7. ^ "Edison Feature Film for Next Week, Michael Strogoff", The Billboard, 2 April 1910, p. 31. Internet Archive (IA), San Francisco, California. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  8. ^ "Michel Strogoff" British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  9. ^ "Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  10. ^ "Der Kurier des Zaren", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  11. ^ "Michael Strogoff", IMDb, retrieved 9 February 2014
  12. ^ "Miguel Strogoff", IMDb, retrieved 9 February 2014
  13. ^ "Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  14. ^ "Le triomphe de Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  15. ^ "Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  16. ^ " Michel Strogoff", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  17. ^ "Michele Strogoff, il corriere dello zar", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  18. ^ "Les aventures extraordinaires de Michel Strogoff ", British Film Institute, retrieved 9 February 2014
  19. ^ "Marfa". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 48: 295. 1944. ISSN 0038-478X. LCCN 12-20299. OCLC 1766223. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  20. ^ [1] Michael Strogoff on BoardGameGeek

Sources

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  • Fuks, Igor; Matveychuk, Alexander (2008). Istoki rossiyskoy nefti (Истоки российской нефти) (in Russian). Moscow: Drevlekhranilische. ISBN 978-5-93646-137-8.
  • Verne, Jules (1937). "Forward". Classic Romances of Literature: Michel Strogoff. Pennsylvania: Spencer Press.
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