This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Outdated statistics. (July 2024) |
The following are lists of countries by estimated suicide rates as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources.[note 1]
- > 30
- 20–30
- 15–20
- 10–15
- 5–10
- 0–5
- Data unavailable
In many countries, suicide rates are underreported due to social stigma, cultural or legal concerns.[3] Thus, these figures cannot be used to compare real suicide rates, which are unknown in most countries.
The global total of suicide deaths decreased from an estimated 762,000 in 2000 to 717,000 in 2021, which is 9.1 deaths per 100,000 population.[4] In high-income countries, male and female rates of suicidal behaviors differ compared to the rest of the world: while women are reportedly more prone to suicidal thoughts, rates of suicide are higher among men, which has been described as a "silent epidemic".[5][6][7][8][9]
In 2021, the global rate of suicide deaths for men was 12.3 per 100,000, more than double the rate for women, which stood at 5.9 per 100,000 population. However, the sex disparity was uneven across regions, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from as low as 1.4 in the South-East Asia Region to nearly 4.0 in the Region of the Americas.[10]
In much of the world, suicide is stigmatized and condemned for religious or cultural reasons. In some countries, suicidal behavior is a criminal offence punishable by law. Suicide is therefore often a secretive act surrounded by taboo, and may be unrecognized, misclassified or deliberately hidden in official records of death.[5]
— World Health Organization (2002)
As such, suicide rates may be higher than measured, with men more at risk of dying by suicide than women across nearly all cultures and backgrounds.[11] Suicide prevention and intervention is an important topic for all peoples, according to the WHO.[12]
Countries and territories by suicide rate
editBackground
Suicide rates vary by country and suicide occurs in all regions of the world. In a 2024 WHO report, 73% of reported suicides were in low and middle-income countries. Mental illness and suicide are linked, though many suicides are impulsive and occur due to crisis. Groups subject to discrimination, including refugees, indigenous populations, and LGBT people, experience high suicide rates. Societal taboos and lack of quality suicide data are impeding factors in suicide prevention. Suicide prevention includes such measures as restricting access to methods, responsible media reporting, and treatment and assessment of suicidal people.[13]
This section needs to be updated. (October 2024) |
Analysis
editDeaths per million persons from self-inflicted injuries in 2012. Countries by income group.
| Income group (% of global pop) | Suicides, 2012 (in thousands) |
Global % | Rate (2012) |
Male:Female (2012) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-income countries (18.3%) | 197 | 24.5% | 12.7 | 3.5 : 1 |
| Upper-middle-income countries (34.3%) | 192 | 23.8% | 7.5 | 1.3 : 1 |
| Lower-middle-income countries (35.4%) | 333 | 41.4% | 14.1 | 1.7 : 1 |
| Low-income countries (12.0%) | 82 | 10.2% | 13.4 | 1.7 : 1 |
| Global (100.0%) | 804 | 100.0% | 11.4 | 1.9 : 1 |
Male and female suicide rates are out of the total male population and total female population, respectively, i.e. total number of male suicides divided by the total male population. Age-standardized rates account for the influence that different population age distributions might have on the analysis of crude death rates, statistically addressing the prevailing trends by age-groups and populations' structures, to enhance long term cross-national comparability.
Based on age-groups' deviation from standardized population structures, rates are rounded up or down (age-adjustment). Basically, the presence of younger individuals in any given age structure carries more weight. If the rate is rounded up, that means the median age is lower than average for that region or country, and vice versa when rounded down.
Most countries listed above report a higher male suicide rate. Worldwide, there are about 3 male suicides out of 4, or a factor of 3:1. For example, the ratio in the United States was 3.36 in 2015, and 3.53 in 2016.[16][a]
Though age-standardization is common statistical process to categorize mortality data for comparing purposes, this approach by WHO is based on estimates which take into account issues such as under-reporting, resulting in rates differing from the official national statistics prepared and endorsed by individual countries. Revisions are also performed periodically. Age-adjusted rates are mortality rates that would have existed if all populations under study had the same age distribution as a "standard" population. Plain, crude estimated rates are available at here and here. Countries with a population less than 100 000 are excluded.
Countries with large internal discrepancies are complicated to assess. Canada, a country with a comparatively low suicide rate overall at 10.3 incidents per 100,000 people in 2016, exhibits one such discrepancy. When comparing the suicide rate of Indigenous peoples in Canada, the rate of suicide increases to 24.3 incidents per 100,000 people in 2016,[18] a rate among the ten highest in the world. There are numerous differences in living standards and income that contribute to this phenomenon, classed as an epidemic in Canada.[19]
List by other sources and years (1985–2019)
editIn the list below various sources from various years are included, mixing plain crude rates with age-adjusted rates and estimated rates, so cross-national comparability is somewhat skewed.
* indicates "Suicide in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Mental Health in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
| Country | Male | Female | Overall | Sources and year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 75.08 | 25.18 | 53.34 | 2019[22] | |
| 32.2 | 6.7 | 18.6 | 2022[23][24][25] | |
| 35.9 | 16.2 | 26.0 | 2021[26] | |
| 41.25 | 10.20 | 25.52 | 2017[27][28] | |
| 40.68 | 8.01 | 23.81 | 2017[28] | |
| 18.09 | 2016[23] | |||
| [29][30] | 14.6 | 2018 | ||
| [23] | 17.98 | 2016 | ||
| 20.5 | 2017[31] | |||
| 20.1 | 2018[32] | |||
| 22.4 | 2016[34] | |||
| 37.2 | 9.9 | 23.3 | 2022[35][36] | |
| 18.56 | 2016[23] | |||
| 15.9 | 2016[37] | |||
| [23] | 13.52 | 2016 | ||
| 17.0 | 2016[38][note 3][39][note 4] | |||
| 23.1 | 10.1 | 16.5 | 2018[40][41] | |
| 21.0 | 11.6 | 16.2 | 2022[32] | |
| 16 | 2016[23][42] | |||
| 12.16 | 2017[43] | |||
| 23.8 | 7.1 | 13.69 | 2016[23] | |
| 15.4 | 2005[44] | |||
| 14.31 | 2016[23][45] | |||
| 13.72 | 2023[46] | |||
| 23.9 | 4.8 | 14.4 | 2005 | |
| 22.3 | 6.9 | 14.26 | 2016[23][47] | |
| 10.33 | 2016[23][48] | |||
| 21.8 | 6.0 | 14.5 | 2017[49][50][51] | |
| 12.28 | 2016[23][52] | |||
| 13.7 | 2017[53] | |||
| 13.6 | 2012[54] | |||
| 11.4 | 2020[55] | |||
| [23][56] | 11.29 | 2016 | ||
| 19.0 | 5.5 | 12.3 | 2008 | |
| 9.24 | 2016[39] | |||
| 19.0 | 5.8 | 12.3 | 2014–15[57][58] | |
| 16.2 | 8.8 | 12.3 | 2011[59] | |
| 11.73 | 2016[23][60] | |||
| 8.95 | 2016[39][61] | |||
| 10.13 | 2016[23] | |||
| 12.08 | 2016[23] | |||
| 11.2 | 2018[62] | |||
| 16.9 | 5.3 | 11.5 | 2009[63] | |
| 12.3 | 2016[23][64] | |||
| 18.2 | 4.2 | 11.2 | 2007 | |
| 17 | 5.8 | 11.2 | 2011[65] | |
| 18.0 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 2015[39] | |
| 17.9 | 3.8 | 10.7 | 2006 | |
| 13.0 | 7.8 | 10.5 | 2009 | |
| 17.4 | 3.4 | 10.3 | 2013[66] | |
| 13.3 | 7.3 | 10.3 | 2012[67] | |
| 20.1 | 6.3 | 13.1 | 2019[68] | |
| 7.48 | 2016[39] | |||
| [69] | 9.8 | 2014 | ||
| 9.5 | 2019[70] | |||
| 14.1 | 3.6 | 8.8 | 2009 | |
| 13.8 | 3.5 | 8.6 | 1998 | |
| 12.7 | 4.1 | 8.3 | 2013[71] | |
| 12.6 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 2009[39] | |
| 12.9 | 3.6 | 8.0 | 2008 | |
| 12.7 | 3.8 | 8.0 | 2016 | |
| 10.6 | 5.2 | 7.9 | 1990 | |
| 13.2 | 2.9 | 7.8 | 2008[39] | |
| 12.6 | 3.0 | 7.7 | 2008 | |
| 10.5 | 3.6 | 7.1 | 2009 | |
| 11.8 | 1.9 | 6.8 | 2008 | |
| 10.2 | 1.9 | 6.1 | 2009 | |
| 9.7 | 2.58 | 6.03 | 2013[72] | |
| 8.6 | 3.1 | 5.85 | 2011 | |
| 9.9 | 2.1 | 5.8 | 2007[73] | |
| 9.0 | 2.6 | 5.8 | 2006 | |
| 9.0 | 1.9 | 5.5 | 2008 | |
| 6.34 | 1.90 | 4.12 | 2019[74] | |
| 7.9 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 2007 | |
| 7.7 | 2.0 | 4.8 | 2008 | |
| 7.0 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 2005 | |
| 4.6 | 2008 | |||
| 7.1 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 2009 | |
| 4.7 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 2003[75] | |
| 6.8 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 2008 | |
| 3.84 | 2011[76] | |||
| 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 2006 | |
| 6.6 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 2008 | |
| 5.4 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 2008 | |
| 5.1 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 2008 | |
| 5.9 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 2009[39] | |
| 5.6 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 2008 | |
| 7.3 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 2006 | |
| 6.1 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2009 | |
| 5.9 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 2008 | |
| 3.9 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 2013[77][78] | |
| 4.5 | 1.0 | 2.75 | 2005[79] | |
| 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2001 | |
| 4.9 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 2005 | |
| 3.9 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 2005 | |
| 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2008 | |
| 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2009 | |
| 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2005 | |
| 1.45 | 0.71 | 1.10 | 2012[80] | |
| 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2000 | |
| 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1987 | |
| 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2007 | |
| 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2005 | |
| 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1990 | |
| 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1985 | |
| 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2008[81] | |
| 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2009 | |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2008 | |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1995 | |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1995 | |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2003 | |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2003 |
- ^ The male-female ratio shown below is based on the age-standardized rates: as compared to WHO world standard population, women's median age and life expectancy might be greater than that of men's for that country when rounded up, and vice versa when rounded down.[17]
- ^ Nevertheless, jumping from a high building as well as drowning were common methods of suicide in Taiwan,[note 2][32][33] indicating the potential risks of type I and type II errors and misuse of statistics within the government's report. Hence, if halves of the death rates of the drowning and fall that were shown in government's report were extracted and added into the self-inflicted deaths (intentional injury death of self), it yields 0.0201% which is thought better reflecting the real case.
- ^ Furthermore, jumping from a high building as well as drowning were common methods of suicide in Taiwan.[note 5][32][33]
See also
editExplanatory notes
edit- ^ The first global estimates on suicide mortality began in the early 1980s, as a single World Bank-commissioned study on general mortality data compiled by the WHO as the first work of its kind on the global burden of disease (GBD).[1] In the following years, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation acted as the coordinating center for the study then resulted in the collaboration between several researchers and institutions from many countries.[2]
- ^ In government's annual release, there were 3637 people per one hundred thousands of people in 2018 died of contacting poison, accidental fall, exposure to fire or smoke, accidental drowning including sinking beneath water to death in addition to the suicidal death that was equal to 3865 people per 100,000 people.
- ^ Recently released figures by official Belgian authorities suggest a considerably higher rate of 17.0 persons (total) per 100,000 people per annum in 2009 (5,712 cases in a population of 10,749,000 (=10,666,866 as of 1 January 2008 increasing by 0,77% per annum.) as of 1 January 2009)."Toenemend aantal zelfdodingen in Belgie" (in Dutch). 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012.
- ^ The number of death in Belgium in 2008 due to suicide "zichzelf schade toebrengen" was reported at 2000 out of a total of 103.760 death. These death comprise 1453 men and 547 women. This puts the suicide rate at about 19 per 100.000. See statbel: http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/binaries/NL%20-%20Tableau%201%2E3_T_2008_tcm325-168456.pdf Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ In government's annual release, there were 3637 people per one hundred thousands people in 2018 died of contacting poison, accidental fall, exposure to fire or smoke, accidental drowning, or sinking beneath water that were excluded from the statistical suicidal death figure equal to 3865 people per 100,000 people.
- The updated figure of suicide rates in Belgium for 2011 is 2,084 with a total population of 10,933,607, equivalent to 18.96 per 100,000 inhabitants (source: Het Nieuwsblad, 10 April 2014).
- Taiwan is not a member of the WHO. The Taiwanese government adopted the WHO standard in 2007. According to the Taiwanese government's self-released data, the figure is standardized based upon the population within Taiwan.[82][83]
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h "Death Due To Suicide". Eurostat. European Commission. 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ 厚生労働省>白書・統計>各種統計調査>厚生労働統計一覧>1.人口・世帯>人口動態統計特殊報告>自殺死亡統計>12. 統計表>第１表 総死亡数・死亡率（人口10万対）・自殺死亡数・死亡率（人口10万対）の年次推移
- ^ "厚生労働省>分野別の政策一覧>福祉・介護>生活保護・福祉一般>自殺対策>自殺統計>各年の状況>平成30年中における自殺の状況>第3章 平成30年中における自殺の内訳>33p 補表1-1 年次別自殺者数、34p 補表2-1 年齢階級別自殺者数の推移、35p 補表2-2 年齢階級別自殺死亡率" (PDF). mhlw.go.jp. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
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- ^ Burrows, Stephanie; Laflamme, Lucie (February 2006). "Suicide Mortality in South Africa". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 41 (2): 108–114. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0004-4. PMID 16362168. S2CID 123246.. This data is for urban areas only. The data available for the whole of South Africa in 2007 are: men 1.4, women 0.4, total 0.9 (source: WHO)
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Based on a population of 180.4 million in 2012 (Population Reference Bureau), a sex ratio of 1.06 males/female (CIA World Factbook, 2013) and figures from 'State of Human Rights in 2012 Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine' by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan: 1,976 persons committed suicide in 2012 across the country of which 626 were women.
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- ^ "Kaohsiung City Government". Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Kaohsiung city government II". Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
External links
edit- Suicide data and rates published by the World Health Organization (WHO).