In the Book of Mormon, the Liahona (/ˌliːəˈhoʊnə/)[1] is a brass ball with two spindles, one of which directs where Lehi and his companions should travel after they leave Jerusalem at the beginning of the narrative. Some early participants in the Latter Day Saint movement claimed to have seen the Liahona. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its members have used the Liahona as a namesake, such as in the name of the magazine the Liahona and in the idea of "Liahona Mormons".
| Liahona | |
|---|---|
| Book of Mormon element | |
 The Liahona, as depicted in Nephi Returning to the Tents with Food (May 1925) | |
| First appearance | 1 Nephi 16:10 |
Background
editThe Book of Mormon, published in 1830, is one of the primary religious texts of Mormonism,[2] also known as the Latter Day Saint movement.[3] Founder Joseph Smith said that an angel of the Christian God directed him to uncover metal plates inscribed with the history of an ancient American people and that by miraculous means he translated the writing on these plates, producing the Book of Mormon.[4] Most in the Latter Day Saint movement regard the Book of Mormon as being genuinely ancient and historical.[5]
Depiction
editThis section uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. (May 2024) |
In the Book of Mormon, a man named Lehi and his family live in Jerusalem prior to the Babylonian captivity. God communicates with Lehi and directs him to lead his family away from Jerusalem. While they camp in the wilderness, the Liahona is found one morning at Lehi's tent door. It is not named as the Liahona at this point. It is described as a "brass ball" of "curious workmanship" with "two spindles", one of which indicate the direction that his party should travel (1 Nephi 16:10). On occasion writing appeared on the ball that displayed additional instructions from God (1 Nephi 16:26-29). Using the Liahona, Lehi and his party travel through a wilderness and across an ocean. The Liahona works "according to the faith and diligence" (1 Nephi 16:28) with which they heed its direction, and ceases functioning at times when the members of the party demonstrate a loss of faith in God's commandments, notably when Nephi's brothers rebelled against Lehi during their ocean crossing (1 Nephi 18:12).
In the Book of Alma, Alma identifies the object as "Liahona" when speaking to his son Helaman, saying, "our fathers called it Liahona, which is, being interpreted, a compass" (Alma 37:38).
Cultural reception
editJoseph Smith and three associates—Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Martin Harris, known as the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon—said that God promised to show them the Liahona and did show it to them in what they believed was a miraculous vision.[6] This claimed promise is included in the Doctrine and Covenants,[7] a Mormon religious text that compiles documents that adherents believe to be divine revelations.[8] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement,[9] named one of its magazines, the Liahona, after the object, referencing its purpose of directing people.[10] A 1967 essay categorized approaches to Latter-day Saints worship as being either like the Iron Rod (another object from the Book of Mormon)—rigid and unambiguous—or like the Liahona, flexible and based on experiencing what Latter-day Saints believe to be revelation.[11] This has been called the "Iron Rod–Liahona scales".[12] The concept of "Liahona Mormons" circulated among Latter-day Saints, and it was acknowledged in the denomination's General Conference.[13]
See also
editCitations
edit- ^ "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide", churchofjesuschrist.org (retrieved 2012-02-25), IPA-ified from «lē´a-hō´na»
- ^ Mason (2015, "Origins and History", fourth paragraph).
- ^ Dunstan & Hawvermale (2022, p. 177n1).
- ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 19, 21–22).
- ^ Vogel (1986, p. 3).
- ^ Bushman (2005, p. 78).
- ^ Ludlow (1992, p. 829), citing Doctrine and Covenants 17:1.
- ^ Scales (2012, pp. 205–206, 224).
- ^ "Latter Day Saints Movement". The Pluralism Project. Harvard University. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
- ^ Dyal (1989, p. 23).
- ^ Nielsen (1991, p. 105).
- ^ Aghababaei et al. (2019, p. 351).
- ^ Nielsen (1991, p. 106).
References
edit- Aghababaei, Naser; Krauss, Stephen W.; Aminikhoo, Masoume; Isaak, Steven L. (2019). "The Circumplex Religious Orientation Inventory: Validity and Reliability of a New Approach to Religious Orientation in a Muslim Population". Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 11 (4): 350–357. doi:10.1037/rel0000187.
- Bushman, Richard Lyman (2005). Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4270-4.
- Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008). Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780195310306.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-531030-6.
- Dunstan, Adam; Hawvermale, Erica (2022). "The Anthropology of Mormonism: An Emerging Field" (PDF). Journal of the Mormon Social Science Association. 1: 177–207. doi:10.54587/JMSSA.0107.
- Dyal, Donald H. (Autumn 1989). "Mormon Pursuit of the Agrarian Ideal". Agricultural History. 63 (4): 19–35. JSTOR 3743328.
- Givens, Terryl L. (2002). By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195168884.
- Givens, Terryl L. (2009). The Book of Mormon: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195369311.
- Ludlow, Douglas Kent (1992). "Liahona". In Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Macmillan. pp. 829–830.
- Mason, Patrick Q. (September 3, 2015). Barton, John (ed.). "Mormonism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8.
- Nielsen, Michael E. (1991). "Religious Orientation Among Mormons". Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy. 17: 105–120.
- Scales, Laura Thiemann (Summer 2012). "Narrative Revolutions in Nat Turner and Joseph Smith". American Literary History. 24 (2): 205–233. doi:10.1093/alh/ajs024. JSTOR 23249768.
- Vogel, Dan (1986). Indian Origins and the Book of Mormon. Signature Books. ISBN 0-941214-42-7.
Further reading
edit- Eliason, Eric A. (2023). "Nameways in Latter-day Saint History, Custom, and Folklore". In Oaks, Dallin D.; Baltes, Paul; Minson, Kent (eds.). Perspectives on Latter-day Saint Names and Naming: Names, Identity, and Belief. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003325000. ISBN 9781032350431.
- Welch, Rosalynde (2020). "Lehi's Brass Ball: Astonishment and Inscription". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 29: 20–49. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud2.29.2020.0020.
External links
editMedia related to Liahona (Book of Mormon) at Wikimedia Commons