Holofernes

Holofernes (Ancient Greek: Ὀλοφέρνης; Hebrew: הולופרנס) was an invading Assyrian general in the Book of Judith, who was beheaded by Judith who entered his camp and decapitated him while he was intoxicated.

*Judith with the Head of Holofernes* by Cristofano Allori, 1613

Etymology

The name 'Holofernes' is derived from the Old Persian name *Varufarnāh, meaning "with wide-reaching glory," and is composed of the terms *varuš, meaning "wide," and farnāh, meaning "glory."^[1]

Biblical account

According to the Book of Judith, Holofernes had been dispatched by Nebuchadnezzar to take vengeance on Israel, which had withheld assistance in his most recent war. Having occupied every land along the coastline, Holofernes outlawed the worship of any god other than Nebuchadnezzar. Despite being warned against attacking the People of Israel by Achior, the leader of the Ammonites, Holofernes laid siege to the city of Bethulia. The city almost fell to the invading army because Holofernes' advance stopped the water supply to Bethulia, which led to its people encouraging their rulers to capitulate. The leaders vowed to surrender if no help arrived within five days.^[2] Bethulia was saved by Judith, a Judean widow, who entered the camp of Holofernes, seduced him, and got him drunk before beheading him. She returned to Bethulia with the severed head. The assassination of Holofernes led to the defeat of his army.

Identification

The Roman Catholic Church has traditionally maintained the historicity of the Book of Judith, setting it to the reign of Manasseh of Judah. As a result, this Holofernes would be the commander-in-chief of Ashurbanipal's armies.^[3]^[4] Catholic apologist Jimmy Akin has speculated that the book of Judith could be a roman à clef, a historical record with different names for people and places, which would explain the different names.^[5]

There are historical references to a "Holofernes" in the Persian king Artaxerxes III Ochus's army, which led some to speculate that this is the Holofernes described in this book. However, this idea is generally rejected as implausible.^[6]

Because the Hebrew manuscripts from the Middle Ages refer to the Maccabean Revolt, Hebrew versions of the tale in the Megillat Antiochus and the Chronicles of Jerahmeel identify "Holofernes" as Nicanor; the Greek version used "Holofernes" as deliberately cryptic substitute, similarly using "Nebuchadnezzar" for Antiochus.

In popular culture

Holofernes is depicted in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Monk's Tale in The Canterbury Tales, and in Dante's Purgatorio, in which Holofernes is to be found on the Terrace of Pride as an example of "pride cast down", XII.58–60. As a painter's subject he offers the chance to contrast the flesh and jewels of a beautiful, festively attired woman with the grisly head of the victim, a deuterocanonical parallel to the Yael sequence in the Hebrew Bible, as well as the New Testament vignette of Salome with the head of John the Baptist.

There is also a mention to Holofernes in the song That Unwanted Animal by The Amazing Devil.

German pop rock band Wir sind Helden's singer Judith Holfelder-Roy chose the stage name Judith Holofernes in reference to both Holofernes and his assassin.

References

^ Hutter, Manfred (2015). Iranische Personennamen in der Hebräischen Bibel [Iranian Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible]. Iranisches Personennamenbuch. Vol. 7.2. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-700-17593-3.
^ Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (1901). Encyclopaedia biblica: a critical dictionary of the literary, political and religious history, the archaeology, geography, and natural history of the Bible. Vol. 2. London: A. & C. Black. p. 2605.
^ "Introduction to the Book of Judith by Rev. George Leo Haydock".
^ "THE ARGVMENT OF THE BOOKE OF IVDITH - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible".
^ "Saving Judith and Tobit by Jimmy Akin - Catholic Answers".
^ Noah Calvin Hirschy, Artaxerxes III Ochus and His Reign, p. 81 (Univ. of Chicago Press 1909).

External links

Media related to Judith and Holofernes at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Hutter, Manfred (2015). Iranische Personennamen in der Hebräischen Bibel [Iranian Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible]. Iranisches Personennamenbuch. Vol. 7.2. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-700-17593-3.

[2] Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (1901). Encyclopaedia biblica: a critical dictionary of the literary, political and religious history, the archaeology, geography, and natural history of the Bible. Vol. 2. London: A. & C. Black. p. 2605.

[3] "Introduction to the Book of Judith by Rev. George Leo Haydock".

[4] "THE ARGVMENT OF THE BOOKE OF IVDITH - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible".

[5] "Saving Judith and Tobit by Jimmy Akin - Catholic Answers".

[hirschy-6] Noah Calvin Hirschy, Artaxerxes III Ochus and His Reign, p. 81 (Univ. of Chicago Press 1909).

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