The GB/T charging standard is a set of GB/T standards, primarily in the GB/T 20234 family, for electric vehicle AC and DC fast charging used in China. The standards were revised and updated most recently in 2015 by the Standardization Administration of China. The term is an abbreviation of 国标推荐 (guóbiāo/tuījiàn), translated as "recommended/voluntary national standard".[1]
Overview
editThe GB/T charging standards are comparable to similar standards from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Standards Organization (ISO) which provide general, physical, and signaling requirements for electric vehicle charging interfaces.
- GB/T 18487 provides general requirements for conductive charging systems, corresponding to IEC 61851.[2]
- GB/T 20234 provides physical requirements for connectors and interfaces, corresponding to IEC 62196 and SAE J1772.[2]
- GB/T 27930 provides communication requirements, corresponding to ISO 15118 and SAE J1772.[2]
List of standards
editThe five referenced GB/T standards were revised and released on December 28, 2015:[3]
- GB/T 18487.1-2015 Conducting Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles – Part 1: General Requirements
- GB/T 20234.1-2015 Connectors for Conducting Charging for Electric Vehicles – Part 1: General Requirements
- GB/T 20234.2-2015 Connectors for Conducting Charging for Electric Vehicles – Part 2: Alternating Current Charging Interfaces
- GB/T 20234.3-2015 Connectors for Conducting Charging for Electric Vehicles – Part 3: Direct Current Charging Interfaces
- GB/T 27930-2015 Communication Protocol between Off-board Conductive Charger and Battery Management System of Electric Vehicle
Charging interface
editCommon terminology:
- Socket outlet is the physical interface on the charging station
- Plug is the interface on the connecting cable that mates with the socket outlet
- Connector is the interface on the opposite end of the connecting cable that mates with the vehicle inlet
- Vehicle inlet is the physical interface on the electric vehicle
In some cases, the connecting cable is permanently mounted to the charging station and the socket outlet and plug are not used.
Charging modes
editGB/T 20234.1 defines three different charging modes:
| Charging Mode | Coupler type | Rated voltage | Rated current | Max power |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | AC (20234.2) | 250 V AC | 10 A | 27.7 kW |
| 16 A | ||||
| 32 A | ||||
| 3 | 440 V AC | 16 A | ||
| 32 A | ||||
| 63 A | ||||
| 4 | DC (20234.3) | 750 V / 1000 V DC | 80 A | 250 kW |
| 125 A | ||||
| 200 A | ||||
| 250 A |
AC charging
edit|
GB/T AC charging station female socket outlet and connecting cable male plug (blue). A male interface is used for both ends of connecting cables. | |||
| Type | Electric vehicle charging | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Production history | |||
| Designer | Mennekes | ||
| Designed | 2009 | ||
| Produced | 2013 | ||
| General specifications | |||
| Length |
| ||
| Diameter | 51 mm (2.0 in), male | ||
| Width | 51 mm (2.0 in), male | ||
| Height | 44 mm (1.7 in), male | ||
| Pins | 7 (1 earth, 3 line phases, 1 neutral, 2 signalling) | ||
| Connector | VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 | ||
| Electrical | |||
| Signal | 1 phase AC | ||
| Earth | Dedicated pin | ||
| Max. voltage | 440 V | ||
| Max. current | 63 A | ||
| Pinout | |||
|
| |||
| Pinouts for GB/T 20234.2 (male interface) | |||
| CC | Charging confirmation | pre-insertion signalling | |
| CP | Control pilot | post-insertion signalling | |
| PE | Protective earth | full-current protective earthing system—6-millimetre (0.24 in) diameter | |
| N | Neutral | single-phase AC | |
| L1 | Line 1 | single-phase AC | |
| L2 | Line 2 | back-up contact | |
| L3 | Line 3 | back-up contact | |
The AC standard (GB/T 20234.2) uses male and female connectors physically compatible with the European Type 2 connector, but with different configurations and signaling. While the European implementation of Type 2 (IEC 62196-2 Type 2) uses a female connector and male vehicle inlet, GB/T 20234.2 specifies a male connector and female vehicle inlet. Both IEC 62196-2 Type 2 and GB/T 20234.2 specify a female socket outlet and male plug. In addition, GB/T 20234.2 uses CC/CP (charging confirmation and control pilot) signals, instead of PP/CP (proximity pilot and control pilot) signaling.[5]
For the male plug and connector ends, the shape is a flattened circle with a nominal outer diameter of 51 mm (2.0 in); the flattened section reduces this to 44 mm (1.7 in), measured top to bottom.[5]: 8
It allows mode 2 (250 V) or mode 3 (440 V) single-phase AC charging at up to 8 or 27.7 kW, respectively. In Mode 2, power is supplied with a current of 10/16/32A and voltage of 250V. In Mode 3, power is supplied with a current of 16/32/63A and voltage of 440V.[6] Although the seven-pin interface is capable of passing three-phase AC power, the current implementation is limited to single-phase power.[2]
In general, charging speeds are also limited by the vehicle's on board charger, which is usually less than 10 kW. The on-board charger converts the AC input power to DC.
DC fast charging
edit| Type | Electric vehicle charging | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| General specifications | |||
| Length | 45 mm (1.8 in), male vehicle connector | ||
| Diameter | 65 mm (2.6 in), male | ||
| Width | 65 mm (2.6 in), male | ||
| Height | 60.8 mm (2.39 in), male | ||
| Pins | 9 (1 earth, 2 DC power, 2 auxiliary power, 4 signalling) | ||
| Electrical | |||
| Signal | DC | ||
| Earth | Dedicated pin | ||
| Max. voltage | 1000 V | ||
| Max. current | 250 A | ||
| Pinout | |||
|
| |||
| Pinouts for GB/T 20234.3 (male vehicle connector interface) | |||
| S+ / S− | Charging communication | CAN_H / CAN_L | |
| CC1 / CC2 | Charging confirmation | post-insertion signalling | |
| DC+ / DC− | Main DC power | positive / negative | |
| PE | Protective earth | full-current protective earthing system | |
| A+ / A− | Auxiliary DC power | 12V +/-5%, 10A | |
The DC fast charging standard (GB/T 20234.3) uses a different, larger connector and allows for fast charging at up to 250 kW, with current of 80/125/200/250A, and voltage of 750-1000V.[7]: 36 However, 50 kW or other lower rated power chargers are more commonly seen, typically retaining the minimum GB/T voltage of 750V but with different current ratings. Some chargers may also follow the physical plug specified by GB/T 20234.3 but not the GB/T standard power limits by using a lower voltage than 750V, such as 500V.
The male vehicle connector has a flattened circular shape similar to that of the Type 2 connector used for single-phase AC charging. The DC charging connector specified in GB/T 20234.3 has a nominal outer diameter of 65 mm (2.6 in); the flattened top reduces the top-to-bottom height to 60.8 mm (2.39 in).[2] There are four pins for signaling: two to provide charging confirmation (CC1 / CC2) and two for communication via CAN bus (S+ / S−). In addition, the GB/T 20234.3 connector provides up to 600 W of auxiliary DC power at 30V/20A (A+ / A−).[2][5]
As of December 2019[update], 40% of all electric vehicles sold to date with DC fast charging capability were equipped with GB/T 20234.3 inlets, a plurality compared with the next-most prevalent (Tesla's proprietary inlet, with 19% share), reflecting the scale of the EV market in China. CCS (Combo1 + Combo2) was in third place, with a 17% share including European Tesla vehicles equipped with CCS Combo2 ports, followed closely by CHAdeMO (15%).[8]
Maximum charging speed is limited by a variety of factors aside from the charger's full rated power. For example:
- Some chargers may not be able to supply the full rated power if the car battery voltage is too low, as the current draw needed would exceed the charger's current rating.
- Some cars, even if they match the maximum voltage supplied by the charger, may not to be able to handle the full rated power as the high current draw could result in excessive heat.
- Cars with battery voltages higher than the charger's voltage rating will not be able to charge at all (e.g. chargers with the minimum GB/T voltage of 750V will not be able to charge a 800V battery), though some such as the Hyundai E-GMP and Porsche Taycan can still use lower voltage chargers through the use of a boost converter.[9]
Shortly after the GB/T 20234.3-2015 standard came out in 2015, practical experience demonstrated the locking system did not function as well as intended and the connector was too easily damaged. Although revisions to the 20234.3 standard were planned, it became clear that a new, more robust connector was needed.[8] As of 2022[update], China Electricity Council and CHAdeMO are working together to develop a new unified ChaoJi system capable of delivering DC power at a maximum rate of 900 kW, with current of 600A, and voltage of 1500V. The new system is planned to replace both GB/T DC and CHAdeMO, and will feature backward compatibility for GB/T DC, CHAdeMO and CCS, all with adapters.[10][11]
Signalling
editThe GBT connector uses CAN BUS signaling for control, specifically, GB/T 27930-2015 is largely based on the SAE J1939 network protocol.[12] This is unlike the power line communication (PLC) control protocol used in the competing CCS standard, which originated from the European Type 2 connector and North American SAE J1772 (Type 1) standards for AC charging.
The signals control the processes of charging, such as handshake initiation and recognition, amperage and voltage configuration, charging and suspension of charging.[12] Charging communication is defined in GB/T 27930-2015 using digital signals following the CAN 2.0B bus protocol at a rate of 250 kbit/sec. In the first handshaking stage, the S+/S- charging communication contacts are connected, then the A+/A- auxiliary power contacts are connected. The EVSE sends a handshaking signal to the EV battery monitoring system (BMS) to confirm S+/S- connection, and once the BMS responds affirmatively, the EVSE begins insulation monitoring, then sends the appropriate insulation-safe message to the BMS. When the BMS acknowledges the insulation-safe message, the EVSE and BMS begin the next charging parameter configuration stage. In this stage, the BMS sends battery charging parameters to the EVSE and the EVSE responds with the maximum output capacity; after this message is acknowledged by the BMS, the BMS evaluates if the EV meets the conditions for charging, then sends a message stating the BMS is ready. Once the BMS-ready signal is acknowledged, the EVSE checks if the charger is ready and sends a charger-ready signal back to the BMS; after the charger-ready signal is acknowledged by the BMS, the next charging stage begins. In this stage, the BMS sends signals to start charging and current battery state to the EVSE, which adjusts output current accordingly in a continuous feedback loop until either the BMS or EVSE sends a stop-charging message.[13]
References
edit- ^ "GB Standards in China: What Exporters Must Know". Export2Asia. 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b c d e f State Grid Corporation of China (October 2013). EV infrastructure and standardization in China (PDF). Electric Vehicles and the Environment, 7th Session. Beijing: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Working Party on Pollution and Energy. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "What is a GBT Charger?". AG Electrical.
- ^ "ACEA position and recommendations for the standardization of the charging of electrically chargeable vehicles" (PDF). ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2011-03-02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-12-02.
- ^ a b c d "Excel|Mate CC Electric car charging coupler" (PDF). Amphenol PCD Shenzhen. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ a b Sanguesa, Julio A.; Torres-Sanz, Vicente; Garrido, Piedad; Martinez, Francisco J.; Marquez-Barja, Johann M. (March 2021). A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities 2021. Vol. 4. pp. 372–404. doi:10.3390/smartcities4010022.
- ^ Hove, Anders; Sandalow, David (February 2019). Electric Vehicle Charging in China and the United States (PDF) (Report). Columbia | SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ a b Blech, Tomoko (June 14–17, 2020). Project ChaoJi: the background and challenges of harmonising DC charging standards. 33rd Electric Vehicle Symposium. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "Hyundai's E-GMP Can Use 400/800V DC Chargers but What is the Efficiency?".
- ^ "FAQs about latest CHAdeMO 3.0 and next-gen ChaoJi EV Charging standard • EVreporter". 27 May 2020.
- ^ State Grid Corporation of China; China Electricity Council (June 2020). "White Paper of ChaoJi EV Charging Technology (Technical Part)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ a b "GB/T 27930 Know-how: Chinese Protocol for Communication Between Chargers and Electric Vehicles". Vector. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ Chen, Jiyong; Luo, Yunjun; Jiang, Jianghui; Lv, Dian (2022). "Analysis of Communication Protocol Standard for Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles Based on GB/T 27930-2015". Academic Journal of Engineering and Technology Science. 5 (4): 5–12. doi:10.25236/AJETS.2022.050402. S2CID 252323624.
External links
edit- "GB/T 18487.1—2015 电动汽车传导充电用连接装置 第1部分：通用要求" [Conductive charging systems for electric vehicles – Part 1: General requirements] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.
- "GB/T 18487.2—2017 电动汽车传导充电系统 第2部分：非车载传导供电设备电磁兼容要求" [Conductive charging systems for electric vehicles – Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for off-board conductive power supply equipment] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.
- "GB/T 18487.3—2001 电动车辆传导充电系统 电动车辆交流/直流充电机(站)" [Conductive charging systems for electric vehicles – Part 3: AC/DC charging stations] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.
- "GB/T 20234.1—2015 电动汽车传导充电用连接装置 第1部分：通用要求" [Connecting devices for conductive charging of electric vehicles – Part 1: General requirements] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.
- "GB/T 20234.1—2015 电动汽车传导充电用连接装置 第2部分：交流充电接口" [Connecting devices for conductive charging of electric vehicles – Part 2: AC charging interface] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.
- "GB/T 20234.1—2015 电动汽车传导充电用连接装置 第3部分：直流充电接口" [Connecting devices for conductive charging of electric vehicles – Part 3: DC charging interface] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.
- "GB/T 27930—2015 电动汽车非车载传导式充电机与电池管理系统之间的通信协议" [Communication protocol between off-board conductive charger and battery management system for electric vehicles] (in Chinese). China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co., Ltd.