Frederick John (Fred) Dixon (January 20, 1881 – March 18, 1931) was a Manitoba politician, and was for several years the dominant figure in the province's mainstream labour and Henry George Single Tax Georgist movements.[1][2] A proponent of proportional representation, he also served as an MLA in the Manitoba Legislature from 1914 to 1923.[3]
Fred Dixon | |
|---|---|
 Dixon, ca. 1921 | |
| Leader of the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba | |
| In office December 1920 – 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | John Queen |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for Winnipeg | |
| In office June 29, 1920 – 1923 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 20, 1881 Berkshire, England |
| Died | March 18, 1931 (aged 50) Winnipeg, Manitoba |
| Cause of death | Cancer |
| Political party | Independent Labour Party of Manitoba |
| Other political affiliations | Independent Progressive |
| Spouse | Winona Margaret Flett |
Biography
editBorn in 1881 at Englefield in the English county of Berkshire,[4] Dixon was influenced by the reformist labour politics of his home country, and also favoured the single tax ideas of Henry George.
He apprenticed as a gardener in England.[5]
Dixon arrived in Manitoba in 1903, settling in Winnipeg. He apprenticed as a draftsman and worked as an engraver.[5]
He became a member of the Independent Labour Party. However, he opposed the efforts of some party members to declare the party as socialist and endorse widespread nationalization. The controversy led to the disintegration of the ILP in 1908.[6] Dixon also wrote a weekly column in the Winnipeg labour weekly, The Voice.[7]
Dixon and his friend, Seymour Farmer, who was later mayor of Winnipeg, became involved with the League for Taxation of Land Values (the Single Tax programme) and the League for Direct Legislation, under which people would have the right of referendum, initiative and recall.[2]
Dixon first ran for the provincial legislature in the 1910 provincial election as a candidate of the Manitoba Labour Party in Winnipeg Centre.[4] He was also supported by the provincial Liberal Party, whose platform he generally supported. Dixon's centrist labourism brought about opposition from the Socialist Party of Canada, which ran a spoiler candidate against him.[8] Dixon lost to Conservative Thomas Taylor by 73 votes; the SPC polled 99.[4]
After the defeat, he again devoted himself to the cause of Direct Legislation. A respected speaker for the Direct Legislation League, he moved to Moose Jaw and worked for the Saskatchewan Direct Legislation League.[2]
In 1914, he married Winona Margaret Flett, a suffragist.[9]
The SPC's actions provoked a backlash among Winnipeg trade unionists. That and his high profile among farmers due to his Direct Legislation League work increased his popularity. He ran as an independent in the provincial election of 1914, in one of the two separate elections held in Winnipeg Centre. He received support from both the Liberals and the Labour Representation Committee (a successor to the MLP). His platform included home rule for Winnipeg, women's suffrage, public ownership of utilities, removal of subsidies for private enterprise (including lowering the tariff walls to imported manufactured goods) and a referendum on temperance.[5] Despite SPC and Conservative opposition, he took a majority of the votes and was elected for Winnipeg Centre "B".
In the Legislative Assembly, Dixon helped force an investigation into corruption associated with the construction of new Manitoba legislative buildings. This led to the downfall of the Robson government in 1915.[5]
He was re-elected in the 1915 election, as an Independent Progressive.[4]
During World War I, Dixon emerged as one of the leading anti-conscriptionists in Winnipeg, and he defended the rights of conscientious objectors to the war effort.[5] These efforts placed him in conflict with the Manitoba Liberals, who generally supported the conscription policies of Robert Borden's Unionist government.
In March 1918, Dixon helped to found the first branch of the Dominion Labour Party in Winnipeg and served as its first president.[5] It was never a strong or centralized party but did pioneer the way to more developed leftist parties such as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The DLP subsequently branched out to other cities in the Canadian prairies.
Dixon supported the strikers during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. He undoubtedly played an important role in legitimizing their efforts among the city's reformist labourites. After the editors of the Strike Bulletin were arrested, he published the Western Star and Enlightener. Dixon was subsequently arrested and charged with seditious libel for his statements in those publications. He ably defended himself at the trial, which became a cause célèbre, and was acquitted.[1][5]
In the provincial election of 1920, Dixon headed a united labour list in the city of Winnipeg, which had been re-designed as a single constituency[4] with ten members elected by single transferable voting. He easily topped the poll with 11,586 votes, almost 7,000 more than his nearest Liberal competitor.[10] There can be little doubt that Dixon was the most popular politician in the city at the time. His vote total was more than the quota required to win a seat and he was the first to be declared elected, his surplus votes then being transferred to other candidates.
In Winnipeg, Dixon and another DLP candidate, Rev. William Ivens, were elected alongside four Liberals, two Conservatives, a Social Democratic Party candidate and a Socialist Party of Canada candidate.
Nine DLP MLAs, along with one member apiece from the SPC and SDPC, were elected to the Manitoba legislature in 1920. Dixon was the unquestioned leader of the labour parliamentary caucus. He cooperated with more left-wing figures, and kept the group reasonably united through to the election of 1922, although having to establish a new party to do so.
In late 1920, the DLP in Winnipeg was taken over by rightist labourites who had opposed the General Strike. Dixon led a walkout of DLP members, and was involved in founding the province's new Independent Labour Party. The ILP became the primary voice of the parliamentary left in Manitoba, and later become part of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation.[6]
Dixon again topped the Winnipeg list in 1922,[4] albeit by the reduced margin of almost 4,000 votes over the nearest Liberal. The total labour caucus was reduced to six members, although Ivens and Dixon were both re-elected.
In 1923, Dixon resigned as a Member of the Legislative Assembly following the death of his wife and two of his children; he was also diagnosed with cancer.[4] John Queen, formerly of the SDPC, became ILP leader in his place.[7]
As his health problems grew more serious, Dixon spent the next few years working as a part-time insurance salesman.[3]
In 1927, he was appointed to a provincial commission investigating the causes of unemployment, in which capacity he co-authored the report, "Seasonal Unemployment in Manitoba."[11]
Fred Dixon died of cancer on March 18, 1931.[9] His close friend J.S. Woodsworth gave the eulogy at his funeral.[3]
References
edit- ^ a b Naylor, James. "Dixon, Frederick John". Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b c Mills, Allen (1980). "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S. J. Farmer". Labour/Le Travail. 5: 33–46. doi:10.2307/25139947. JSTOR 25139947.
- ^ a b c Gutkin, Harry; Gutkin, Mildred (1997). "The Inalienable Rights of the Individual: Frederick John Dixon". Profiles in Dissent: The Shaping of Radical Thought in the Canadian West. NeWest Press. pp. 7–50. ISBN 9781896300085. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g "MLA Biographies - Deceased". Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bumsted, J M (1999). Dictionary of Manitoba Biography. University of Manitoba Press. p. 69. ISBN 0887551696. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
- ^ a b Mills, Allan (Spring 1980). "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and SJ. Farmer" (PDF). Labour / Le Travail. 5: 33–56. doi:10.2307/25139947. JSTOR 25139947. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ a b "F. J. Dixon". TimeLinks. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Adams, Christopher (2008). Politics in Manitoba: Parties, Leaders, and Voters. University of Manitoba Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0887557040. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ a b "Frederick John Dixon (1881-1931)". Memorable Manitobans. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
- ^ Chambers, Ernest J (1921). Canadian Parliamentary Guide.
- ^ Murchie, R. W. (Robert Welch); Dixon, F. J. (Frederick J.); Carter, W.H. (1928). "Seasonal Unemployment in Canada, a Report". Peel's Prairie Provinces (University of Alberta Libraries). Retrieved 2023-08-05.