Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Chad

The foreign relations of Chad are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for former Chadian President Idriss Déby. Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with France, its former colonial power.[needs update] Relations with neighbouring countries Libya and Sudan vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Déby regime waged an intermittent proxy war with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.

Diplomatic relations

edit

List of countries which Chad maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date
1   United States 11 August 1960[1]
2   Germany 11 August 1960[2]
3   France 12 August 1960[3]
4   Philippines 22 September 1960[4]
5   United Kingdom 9 December 1960[5]
6   Israel 10 January 1961[6]
7   Sudan 13 March 1961[7]
8   Belgium 27 June 1961[8]
9   South Korea 6 August 1961[9]
10   Japan 6 December 1961[10]
11   Canada 12 February 1962[11]
12   Netherlands 7 May 1962[12]
13   Nigeria 18 October 1962[13]
14   Cameroon 1962[14]
15   Libya 1962[15]
16   Republic of the Congo 13 February 1963[16]
17   Gabon 3 September 1963[17]
18   Morocco 16 December 1963[18]
19    Switzerland 16 December 1963[19]
20   Lebanon 1963[20]
21   Italy 13 February 1964[21]
22   Central African Republic 29 February 1964[22]
23   Luxembourg 28 April 1964[23]
24   Russia 24 November 1964[24]
25   Mali 15 January 1966[25]
26   Serbia 1966[26]
27   Czech Republic 5 February 1967[27]
28   Ghana 24 July 1967[28]
29   Tunisia 25 January 1968[29]
30   Guinea 29 August 1968[30]
31   North Korea 8 March 1969[31]
32   Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 April 1969[32]
33   Romania 15 July 1969[33]
34   Syria 16 August 1969[34]
35   Ethiopia 21 October 1969[35]
36   Turkey 27 January 1970[36]
37   Jordan January 1970[37]
38   Kuwait 31 March 1970[38]
39   Egypt September 1970[39]
40   Yemen 10 November 1970[40]
41   Iran 19 July 1972[41]
42   Senegal October 1972[42]
43   Hungary 1 November 1972[43]
44   Saudi Arabia 20 November 1972[44]
45   China 28 November 1972[45]
46   Rwanda 9 December 1972[46]
47   Bahrain 10 December 1972[47]
48   Qatar 13 December 1972[48]
49   United Arab Emirates 7 April 1973[49]
50   Iraq 29 April 1973[50]
51   Pakistan 30 June 1973[51]
52   Argentina 24 May 1974[52]
53   Spain 7 February 1975[53]
54   Algeria 18 August 1975[54]
55   Greece 13 September 1975[55]
56   India 18 October 1975[56]
57   Mexico 25 February 1976[57]
58   Uganda 8 September 1976[58]
59   Benin 18 October 1976[59]
60   Cuba 18 October 1976[60]
61   Burundi 6 December 1976[61]
62   Portugal 4 May 1977[62]
63   Ivory Coast 15 November 1977[62]
64   Austria 10 January 1978[63][64]
65   Poland 5 January 1979[65]
—   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) 4 July 1980[66][67]
66   Vietnam 5 October 1981[68]
67   Togo 10 April 1985[69]
68   Colombia 29 September 1988[62]
—   Holy See 28 November 1988[70]
69   Oman 21 January 1989[71]
—   State of Palestine 12 August 1989[72]
70   Bulgaria 10 October 1989[62]
71   Thailand 28 September 1990[73]
72   Ukraine 27 July 1992[74]
73   Kyrgyzstan 11 January 1993[75]
74   Tajikistan 27 February 1993[76]
75   Lithuania 10 August 1994[77]
76   Uzbekistan 16 September 1994[78]
77   Turkmenistan 4 October 1994[79]
78   South Africa 21 October 1994[80]
79   Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 December 1994[81]
80   Sweden 3 August 1995[82]
81   Norway 13 November 1995[83]
82   Latvia 23 April 1996[84]
83   Brazil 8 October 1996[62]
84   Kazakhstan 21 July 1999[85]
85   Croatia 17 September 1999[62]
86   North Macedonia 13 October 1999[62]
87   Slovakia 20 April 2000[62]
88   Ireland 30 June 2000[62]
89   Belarus 20 August 2001[86]
90   Cyprus 18 September 2002[62]
91   Azerbaijan 5 April 2004[87]
92   Iceland 14 April 2004[62]
93   Venezuela 5 March 2005[62]
94   Angola 23 June 2005[88]
95   Australia 19 December 2005[89]
96   Armenia 26 December 2006[90]
97   Finland 21 March 2007[62]
98   Kenya 26 May 2007[91]
99   Djibouti 20 April 2009[92]
100   Denmark 23 November 2009[93]
101   Cambodia 9 February 2010[62]
102   Mongolia 3 April 2014[62]
103   Georgia 19 June 2014[62]
104   Botswana 9 February 2015[94]
105   Montenegro 20 March 2015[62]
106   Fiji 4 August 2015[95]
107   Indonesia 22 September 2016[96]
—   Kosovo 27 May 2018[97]
108   Singapore 25 September 2018[98]
109   Chile 26 September 2018[99]
110   Estonia 27 September 2018[62]
111   Namibia 13 March 2019[100]
112   Liechtenstein 26 June 2019[101]
113   Sierra Leone 13 February 2020[102]
114   Gambia 31 August 2021[103]
115   Eritrea 12 October 2021[104]
116   Nicaragua 24 September 2021[105]
117   São Tomé and Príncipe 3 March 2022[106]
118   Zimbabwe 13 February 2023[107]
119   Burkina Faso Unknown
120   Brunei Unknown
121   Equatorial Guinea Unknown
122   Madagascar Unknown
123   Malaysia Unknown
124   Mauritania Unknown
125   Moldova Unknown[108]
126   Mozambique Unknown
127   Niger Unknown
128   Tanzania Unknown
129   Zambia Unknown

Bilateral relations

edit

Africa

edit

Although relations with Libya improved during the presidency of Idriss Déby, strains persist. Chad has been an active champion of regional cooperation through the Central African Economic and Customs Union, the Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions, and the Interstate Commission for the Fight Against the Constipation famine in the Sahel.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Burkina Faso
  Democratic Republic of the Congo
  Egypt
  Equatorial Guinea
  Gabon
  Kenya
  • Chad is represented in Kenya through its embassy in Addis Ababa.[112]
  Libya See Chad-Libya relations

Chadian-Libyan relations were ameliorated when Libyan-supported Idriss Déby unseated Habré on December 2. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new regime, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels; but regarding the Aouzou Strip Déby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep the strip out of Libya's hands.[113][114]

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing as early as April 4 an agreement concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15 and was completed by May 10. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.[115]

  Madagascar
  • The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[116]
  Mali
  Morocco
  • Chad has an embassy in Rabat.[109]
  • Morocco has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  Mozambique The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and Idriss Déby visited Mozambique in November 2016.[117]
  Niger
  Nigeria See Chad-Nigeria relations

Nigeria's 1983 economic austerity campaign produced strains with neighboring states, including Chad.[119] Nigeria expelled several hundred thousand foreign workers, mostly from its oil industry, which faced drastic cuts as a result of declining world oil prices.[119] At least 30,000 of those expelled were Chadians.[119] Despite these strains, however, Nigerians had assisted in the halting process of achieving stability in Chad, and both nations reaffirmed their intention to maintain close ties.[119]

  • Chad has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate in Maiduguri.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  Senegal
  Sudan 15 March 1961 See Chad-Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961[120]

On December 24, 2005, Chad declared itself as in a "state of belligerance" with neighboring Sudan. The conflict in the border region of Darfur has become an increasingly bi-national affair as increasing numbers of Sudanese flee to refugee camps in Chad, and Sudanese government troops and militias cross the borders to strike at both these camps and specific ethnic groups. Although the Government of Chad and the Government of Sudan signed the Tripoli Agreement on February 8, 2006, officially ending hostilities, fighting continues. On August 11, 2006, Chad and Sudan resumed relations at the behest of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[121]

Chad broke diplomatic relations with Sudan at least twice in 2006 because it believed the Sudanese government was supporting Janjaweed and UFDC rebels financially and with arms. Two accords were signed, the Tripoli Accord, which was signed on February 8 and failed to end the fighting, and the more recently signed N'Djamena Agreement. On May 11, 2008, Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in Darfur to attack the Sudanese capital Khartoum.[122]

  • Chad has an embassy in Khartoum and a consulate-general in Geneina.
  • Sudan has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  Tanzania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and Idriss Déby visited Kenya in November 2016.[123]
  Zambia
  • Zambia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[124]

Americas

edit
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Canada February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1962[125]
  Cuba 9 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976[128]
  • Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.[129]
  Mexico 25 February 1976 See Chad–Mexico relations

Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1976.[130] In May 2002, Chadian Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum paid a visit to the Mexican city of Monterrey to attend the Monterrey Consensus conference.[131]

  • Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[132]
  • Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.[133]
  United States 11 August 1960 See Chad–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960[134]

 
Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

The US embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981. It was reopened in January 1982. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Information Service (USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983. The United States Department of State issued a travel advisory to U.S. citizens in 2009, recommending that citizens not affiliated with humanitarian efforts avoid all travel to eastern Chad and the Chad/Central African Republic border area due to insecurity caused by banditry, recent clashes between Chadian government and rebel forces, and political tension between Chad and Sudan.[135] President Donald Trump issued a proclamation on September 24, 2017, suspending the entry of Chadian nationals to the United States. The proclamation claims that the government of Chad "does not adequately share public-safety and terrorism-related information..."[136] On April 10, 2018, the US Government lifted travel restrictions on Chad.[137][138][139]

  • Chad has an embassy in Washington, DC.[140]
  • United States has an embassy in N'djamena.[141]

Asia

edit

Despite centuries-old cultural ties to the Arab World, the Chadian Government maintained few significant ties to Arab states in North Africa or West Asia in the 1980s.[119] In September 1972, Chad had broken off relations with the State of Israel under Chadian President François Tombalbaye.[119] President Habré hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena for superpower rivalries.[119] In addition, as a northern Muslim, Habré represented a constituency that favored Afro-Arab solidarity, and hoped Islam would provide a basis for national unity in the long term.[119] For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.[119] In 1988, Chad recognized the State of Palestine, which maintains a mission in N'Djamena.[142] In November 2018, President Deby visited Israel and announced his intention to restore diplomatic relations.[143] Chad and Israel re-established diplomatic relations in January 2019.[144] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[145]

During the 1980s, Arab opinion on the Chadian–Libyan conflict over the Aouzou Strip was divided.[119] Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which was Algeria, which provided training for anti-Habré forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.[119] The Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon also sent troops to support Muammar Gaddafi's efforts against Chad in 1987.[119] In contrast, numerous other Arab states opposed the Libyan actions,[146] and expressed their desire to see the dispute over the Aouzou Strip settled peacefully.[147][119] By the end of 1987, Algiers and N'Djamena were negotiating to improve relations and Algeria helped mediate the end of the Aouzou Strip conflict.[148]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Brunei
  • Chad is represented in Brunei through its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[149]
  China 28 November 1972 See Chad–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1972,[150] but China severed diplomatic relations with Chad in 1997 when the country resumed diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[151] According to a joint communique signed by the two countries when they resumed diplomatic ties starting from August 6, 2006, Chad recognized there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory[152]

  • Chad has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  India 18 October 1975 See Chad–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975[153]

  • Chad has an embassy in New Delhi.[154]
  • India is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria and maintains an honorary consulate in N'Djamena.
  Indonesia 22 September 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2016.[155]
  Iran 19 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972[156]
  Iraq 29 April 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1973.[157]
  Israel 10 January 1961 See Chad–Israel relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1961,[158] but diplomatic relations were broken on 28 November 1972[159] and re-established on 20 January 2019[160] In November 2018, Chadian President Idriss Déby paid a visit to Israel.[161] In January 2019 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad. During the visit, both nations re-established diplomatic relations since relations were cut in 1972.[144] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[145]

  • Chad has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[145]
  • Israel is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal[145]
  Malaysia
  • Malaysia is represented in Chad through its High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria.[162]
  Pakistan
  • Pakistan is represented in Chad through its embassy in Sudan.[163]
  State of Palestine
  • The State of Palestine is represented in Chad through its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[164]
  Taiwan See Chad–Taiwan relations

Chad and Taiwan had relations from 1962 to 1972 when Chad first switched diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. Chad then reestablished bilateral ties with Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Since August 2006, Chad has granted diplomatic recognition to China.

  Turkey 27 January 1970 See Chad–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1970[165]

  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.[166]
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.[166]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$72.4 million in 2019 (Chadian exports/imports: 32.5/39.9 million USD).[166]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since December 12, 2013.[166]
  United Arab Emirates 7 April 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1973[167]
  • Chad has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  • UAE opened coordination office for foreign aid in Chad in August 2023.[168]

Europe

edit

Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with France, its former colonial power, which has about 1,200 troops stationed in the capital N'Djamena. It receives economic aid from countries of the European Community, the United States, and various international organizations. Libya supplies aid and has an ambassador resident in N'Djamena. Traditionally strong ties with the Western community have weakened over the past two years due to a dispute between the Government of Chad and the World Bank over how the profits from Chad's petroleum reserves are allocated. Although oil output to the West has resumed and the dispute has officially been resolved, resentment towards what the Déby administration considered "foreign meddling" lingers.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Austria Austria is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[169]
  Denmark Denmark is represented in Chad through its embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.[170]
  France 12 August 1960 See Chad–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960[171]

France was Chad's most important foreign donor and patron for the first three decades following independence in 1960.[119] At the end of the 1980s, economic ties were still strong, and France provided development assistance in the form of loans and grants.[119] It was no longer Chad's leading customer for agricultural exports, but it continued to provide substantial military support.

Chad remained a member of the African Financial Community, which linked the value of its currency, the CFA franc, to the French franc.[119] French private and government investors owned a substantial portion of Chad's industrial and financial institutions, and the French treasury backed the Bank of Central African States, which served as the central bank for Chad and six other member nations.[119] Chad's dependence on France declined slightly during Habré's tenure as president, in part because other foreign donors and investors returned as the war subsided and also because increased rainfall since 1985 improved food production.[119] French official attitudes toward Chad had changed from the 1970s policies under the leadership of Giscard d'Estaing to those of the Mitterrand era of the 1980s.[119] Economic, political, and strategic goals, which had emphasized maintaining French influence in Africa, exploiting Chad's natural resources, and bolstering francophone Africa's status as a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence, had been replaced by nominally anticolonialist attitudes.[119] The election in France of the Socialist government in 1981 had coincided with conditions of near-anarchy in Chad, leading France's Socialist Party to reaffirm its ideological stance against high-profile intervention in Africa.[119] Hoping to avoid a confrontation with Libya, another important client state in the region, President Mitterrand limited French military involvement to a defense of the region surrounding N'Djamena in 1983 and 1984.[119] Then, gradually increasing its commitment to reinforce Habré's presidency, France once again increased its military activity in Chad.[119]

  Netherlands 7 May 1962 See Chad–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1962 when accredited first Ambassador of Netherlands to Chad (resident in Leopoldville)[174]

  • Chad is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.
  Romania 15 July 1969 See Chad–Romania relations

Chad–Romania relations were established on July 15, 1969.[175] However, neither country has an embassy in the other's capital, and although an agreement on trade was signed in 1969, followed by an agreement on economic and technical cooperation in 1971, as of 2007, the volume of bilateral trade remained insignificant.[176]

In November 2007, Romania announced that they would deploy 120 troops to Chad and the Central African Republic in connection with a European Union peacekeeping mission there.[177] Romania continued to condemn violence in Chad and blamed it on rebel groups.[178] However, by mid-2008, Romanian defence minister Teodor Meleşcanu indicated that his country would not send further troops to the mission in Chad, stating that they had reached their limits and did not want involvement in a war theatre.[179]

Chad and Romania have almost identical flags.

  United Kingdom 9 December 1960 See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Chad established diplomatic relations with the UK on 9 December 1960.[5]

  • Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy in N'Djamena.[180]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Oceania

edit
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Australia Australia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Paris, France.[181]

Membership of international organizations

edit

Chad belongs to the following international organizations:

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  2. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  3. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  4. ^ "Today, September 22, we celebrate 58 years of the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Chad". September 22, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  5. ^ a b "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 5th MAY 1961" (PDF). The London Gazette. London. May 5, 1961. p. 3340. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  6. ^ Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center. pp. 333-335 and 342. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  7. ^ The Middle East Journal Spring 1961: Vol 15 Iss 2. Middle East Institute. Spring 1961. p. 204. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  8. ^ Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 130-181 (in French and Dutch). 1961. p. 5300.
  9. ^ "Countries & Regions". Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  10. ^ "法第11条を適用し、通知した期限までに開示決定等がされなかったもの（資料４）" (PDF) (in Japanese). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  11. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  12. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
  13. ^ Afrique, 8 (10–13) (in French). Societʹe Internationale de Publications Commerciales, Culturelles et Artistiques. 1962. p. 44.
  14. ^ "Ambassade du Tchad au Cameroun". Osidimbea (in French). Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  15. ^ S. Steinberg (December 27, 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1962. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 1207.
  16. ^ "Journal Officiel de la Republique du Congo № 6 15 Fevrier 1963" (PDF) (in French). p. 250. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  17. ^ Année africaine (in French). Éditions A. Pedone. 1963. p. 300. 3 septembre. — M. Gandion , représentant du Tchad au Gabon , présente ses lettres de créances à M. Léon M'Ba.
  18. ^ Revue de la communauté France-Eurafrique, Issues 148-157 (in French). 1964. p. 26.
  19. ^ "Ambassade de Suisse à Abuja". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  20. ^ L'Argus de la presse libanaise Issues 26-37 (in French). Bureau des documentations libanaises et arabes. 1963. p. 8.
  21. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 28.
  22. ^ Documents diplomatiques français (in French). P.I.E.-Peter Lang. 2006. p. 969.
  23. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1964_5" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 35. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  24. ^ Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. pp. 642–681.
  25. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 443. ... M. Toure is also Mali's Ambassador to Chad, where he presented his credentials on January 15th.
  26. ^ Pregled razvoja medjunarodno-pravnih odnosa jugoslovenskih zemalja od 1800 do danas (3). 1968. p. 831.
  27. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  28. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 834. Chad-Ghana. M. John Quashie, the new Ghanian Ambassador to Chad, with residence in Kinshasa, has presented his credentials to President Tombalbaye (ATP 24/7)
  29. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 2659-2700. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1968. p. 4.
  30. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1968. p. 1144.
  31. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  32. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 791-798. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1969. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
  33. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  34. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969.
  35. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1544.
  36. ^ "No: 26, 27 Janvier 2020, Communiqué De Presse Concernant Le 50ème Anniversaire De L'établissement Des Relations Diplomatiques Entre La République De Turquie Et La République Du Tchad (l'ambassade de Turquie à Paris)" (in French). Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  37. ^ Les Élites africaines Volume 2 (in French). Édiafric. 1972. p. 180.
  38. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1970. p. 175.
  39. ^ "Egyptian - Chadian Relations". Egyptian State Information Service. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  40. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1970. p. 623.
  41. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 10.
  42. ^ Les Élites africaines - Volume 6 (in French). Édiafric. 1985. p. 187. SANE Antoine Pascal Né ... ambassadeur du Sénégal au Zaïre ( mai 1972 - janvier 1975 ) , ... cumulativement ambassadeur au Tchad ( octobre 1972 - janvier 1975) ...
  43. ^ Gecsényi, Lajos (2015). "Diplomaták a változó világban Főkonzulok, követek és nagykövetek 1945-1990". Főkonzulok, Követek, Nagykövetek (in Hungarian). Lajos Gecsényi.
  44. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 11.
  45. ^ "Les dates de l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre la Chine et les autres pays". french.china.org.cn (in French). Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  46. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 718-742 (in French). Ediafric. 1973.
  47. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  48. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 11.
  49. ^ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 177.
  50. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 22.
  51. ^ "CHAD: NEW PAKISTAN AMBASSADOR PRESENTS CREDENTIALS TO PRESIDENT TOMBALBAYE -- PROMISES TO DEVELOP CLOSER RELATIONS". June 30, 1973. Retrieved October 12, 2024.
  52. ^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados" (in Spanish). Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  53. ^ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  54. ^ Africa Year Book and Who's who. Africa Journal Limited. 1976. pp. XVI.
  55. ^ Jeune Afrique - Issues 769-776; Issues 778-781 (in French). Presse africaine associée. 1975. p. 10.
  56. ^ Indian Foreign Policy: Annual Survey. Foreign Policy Research Centre. 1975. p. 140.
  57. ^ Informe de labores - Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1976. pp. 26 and 36–37.
  58. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4150.
  59. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1684-1695. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1976. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  60. ^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. p. 19-25. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019.
  61. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1254-1264. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Diplomatic relations between Chad and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  63. ^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 145-149 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1978. p. 17. TCHAD ...10 - Annonce de l'établissement de relations diplomatiques avec l'Autriche .
  64. ^ West Africa - Issues 3155-3180. West Africa Publishing Company Limited. 1978. p. 226. ... Austria and Chad have decided to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level .
  65. ^ Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. 2006. pp. 126–132.
  66. ^ "El Chad y la República Saharaui elevan sus relaciones diplomáticas a nivel de embajadores" (in French). Sahrawi Press Service. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  67. ^ "Mise au point" (in French). Government of Chad. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013."deux parties ont décidé d’élever leurs relations diplomatiques"
  68. ^ "Africa". April 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  69. ^ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Issues 2056-2068 (in French). 1985. p. 1007.
  70. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  71. ^ Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations" (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. pp. 319–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  72. ^ Filasṭīn al-thawrah, 779–781; 783–786 (in Arabic). Munaẓẓamat al-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīnīyah. 1990. p. 6. ٨٩/١٢/٨ ، حيث قدم السفير الفلسطيني يومها أوراق اعتماده الى الرئيس حبري.
  73. ^ "สาธารณรัฐชาด (Chad)" (in Thai). Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  74. ^ "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  75. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  76. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  77. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  78. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  79. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
  80. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  81. ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  82. ^ "Avtal med Tchad om upprättande av diplomatiska förbindelser. Bonn den 3 augusti 1995". regeringen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  83. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  84. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. July 1, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  85. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  86. ^ "Соглашение от 20 августа 2001 г. "Соглашение об установлении дипломатических отношений между Республикой Беларусь и Республикой Чад"" (in Russian). Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  87. ^ "Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  88. ^ "Angola: Ambassador to Chad Presents Credentials". allAfrica. June 23, 2005. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  89. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". righttoknow.org.au. June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  90. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  91. ^ "Kenya - DIRECTORY OF DIPLOMATIC CORPS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 2014/2015" (PDF). p. 5-10. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
  92. ^ The Diplomatic Service List. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. pp. 136–149.
  93. ^ "The Copenhagen Diplomatic List 2014". p. 8-9. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  94. ^ "Botswana: ICC Plays Critical Role". allAfrica. February 9, 2015. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  95. ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  96. ^ "Joint Communique concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of Chad" (PDF) (in Indonesian and French). September 22, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  97. ^ "Glad that Kosovo has established diplomatic relations with Liberia and Chad". Twitter. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  98. ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  99. ^ "Chile y Chad establecen relaciones diplomáticas". September 26, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  100. ^ "Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire de la République du Tchad auprès de la République d'Afrique du Sud et des pays de la SADC avec S.E.M. HAGE GEINGOB, Président de la Namibie lors de la présentation de sa Lettre de Créance". Facebook (in French). March 31, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  101. ^ "Diplomatic Missions to the Principality of Liechtenstein" (PDF). April 29, 2022. p. 16. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  102. ^ "Tchad : 5 nouveaux ambassadeurs accrédités" (in French). February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2024.
  103. ^ "Gambia Establishes Diplomatic Relations With Djibouti, Chad, Gabon and Angola". September 10, 2021.
  104. ^ "Présentation des lettres de créance au Chef de l'Etat". presidence.td (in French). October 12, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  105. ^ "Nicaragua establece relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Chad" (in Spanish). September 25, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  106. ^ "Presidente de São Tomé e Príncipe acredita novos embaixadores da Costa do Marfim, Tchade e Alemanha" (in Portuguese). March 3, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  107. ^ "DIPLOMATIE : Sept nouveaux Ambassadeurs ont présenté leurs lettres de Créance au PT". presidence.td (in French). February 13, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  108. ^ "Diplomatic List 2019" (PDF). 2019. pp. 57–58. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  109. ^ a b c d e f "Budget général de l'Etat" (in French). Ministry of Finance and Budget of Chad. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  110. ^ a b "Ambassades et consulats accrédités au Tchad" (in French). Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  111. ^ a b c "Budget général de l'Etat" (in French). Ministry of Finance and Budget of Chad. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  112. ^ "DIRECTORY OF DIPLOMATIC CORPS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS" (PDF). August 2022. p. 138. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  113. ^ "Chad The Devil Behind the Scenes", Time, December 17, 1990, archived from the original on February 17, 2008
  114. ^ M. Azevedo, p. 150
  115. ^ G. Simons, p. 78
  116. ^ "DEUXIÈME LOT DE COVID-ORGANICS À DESTINATION DU TCHAD" (in French). June 10, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  117. ^ "Presidente da República recebe seu homólogo do Chade" (in Portuguese). November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  118. ^ "Budget général de l'Etat" (in French). Ministry of Finance and Budget of Chad. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990). Chad: A Country Study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 160, 162–163, 167. ISBN 0-16-024770-5.
  120. ^ The Middle East Journal Spring 1961: Vol 15 Iss 2. Middle East Institute. Spring 1961. p. 204. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  121. ^ "Chad and Sudan resume relations". BBC News. August 9, 2006.
  122. ^ "BBC NEWS – Africa – Sudan cuts Chad ties over attack". BBC. May 11, 2008.
  123. ^ "RAIS WA JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO WA TANZANIA DKT.JOHN POMBE MAGUFULI APOKEA MARAIS WA NCHI MBILI ZA ZAMBIA NA CHAD JIJINI DAR ES SALAAM NOVEMBA 27,2016" (in Swahili). November 27, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  124. ^ "Missions abroad". Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  125. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  126. ^ "Embassy of Canada in Sudan". August 30, 2021.
  127. ^ "Embassy of Chad in Canada".
  128. ^ "Cuba y la República de Chad celebran 46 años de relaciones diplomáticas, las cuales se establecieron el 9 de junio de 1976". Cancillería de Cuba (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  129. ^ "Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  130. ^ "Hoy es el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Chad". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  131. ^ "Summit-level participation – Monterrey Consensus".
  132. ^ "Embassy of Chad in the United States".
  133. ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Egypt".
  134. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Chad". Office of the Historian. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  135. ^ "Travel Warning – Chad". U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  136. ^ "Presidential Proclamation Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats". White House. September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017 – via National Archives.
  137. ^ "Maintaining Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats". Federal Register. April 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  138. ^ "Statement by the Press Secretary Regarding the Presidential Proclamation to Lift Entry Restrictions for Nationals of the Republic of Chad". White House. Retrieved August 12, 2018 – via National Archives.
  139. ^ "U.S. lifts travel ban on Chad citizens – White House". IN. Reuters Editorial. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  140. ^ "chadembassy.info".
  141. ^ "Home – Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad". usembassy.gov. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  142. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". palestineun.org. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  143. ^ "Meeting Israeli leaders, Chad president says he wants to restore diplomatic ties". The Times of Israel.
  144. ^ a b "Israel's PM Netanyahu signs deals with Chad's President Deby". January 20, 2019.
  145. ^ a b c d "Israel to Chad: need to curb Iran, Hezbollah clout in Sahel". Reuters. February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  146. ^ Markham, James M. (December 28, 1980). ""Libya's Islamic Visions Are A Real Nightmare in Africa"". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  147. ^ Middle East contemporary survey. Colin Legum, Haim Shaked, Itamar Rabinovich, Ami Ayalon, Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, Mekhon Shiloaḥ le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah. New York: Holmes & Meier. 1978–2002. p. 627. ISBN 9780813309255. OCLC 1194421506.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  148. ^ "CHAD, LIBYA SIGN PEACE ACCORD". The Christian Science Monitor. September 1, 1989. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  149. ^ "Chad". Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  150. ^ "Les dates de l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre la Chine et les autres pays". french.china.org.cn (in French). Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  151. ^ "China appreciates Chad stance on Taiwan issue(09/20/07)". us.china-embassy.gov.cn. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  152. ^ "China and Chad Resume Diplomatic Ties". china.org.cn. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  153. ^ Indian Foreign Policy: Annual Survey. Foreign Policy Research Centre. 1975. p. 140.
  154. ^ "Tchad : décret de nomination d'un ambassadeur en Inde (in French)".
  155. ^ "Joint Communique concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of Chad" (PDF) (in Indonesian, French, and English). September 22, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  156. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 10.
  157. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 22.
  158. ^ "Israel International Relations: International Recognition of Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  159. ^ "Chad Severs Diplomatic Relations with Israel; No Immediate Explanation Given". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. March 20, 2015. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  160. ^ "Israel and Chad renew diplomatic ties decades after rupture". France 24. January 20, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  161. ^ "President of Chad makes Unannounced Historic Visit". November 26, 2018.
  162. ^ "High Commission of Malaysia, Abuja". Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  163. ^ "Stranded Pakistanis repatriated from Chad via special flight". The Express Tribune. May 24, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
  164. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations (December 10, 2010). "Palestine Embassies, Missions, Delegations Abroad". United Nations. Archived from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  165. ^ "Relations Between Türkiye and Chad". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  166. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Chad".
  167. ^ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 177.
  168. ^ "United Arab Emirates (UAE) Opens Coordination Office for Foreign Aid in Chad". August 3, 2023.
  169. ^ "Directory of Austrian Representations" (PDF). Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of Austria. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  170. ^ "Danmark i Tchad" (in Danish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  171. ^ "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charge d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  172. ^ "Embassy of Chad in Paris (in French)".
  173. ^ "Ambassade de France au Tchad". ambafrance-td.org.
  174. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
  175. ^ "Republica CIAD". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe (in Romanian). Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  176. ^ Republica CIAD, Romania: Minister of Foreign Affairs, May 2008, retrieved March 26, 2009
  177. ^ "Romanian prime minister approves mission to Chad". EUBusiness.com. Agence France-Presse. January 30, 2008. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  178. ^ "Romanian Foreign Ministry concerned about developments in Chad", BBC News, February 5, 2008, retrieved March 26, 2009
  179. ^ "Romania not sending troops to 2009 EU Chad mission", BBC News, July 1, 2008, retrieved March 26, 2009
  180. ^ "British Embassy N'Djamena". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  181. ^ "Chad". Retrieved January 5, 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Chad&oldid=1255171451"