The Derzhprom (Ukrainian: Держпром) or Gosprom (Russian: Госпром) building is an office building located on Freedom Square in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Built in the Constructivist style, it was the first modern skyscraper building in the Soviet Union upon its completion in 1928.[1] Its name is an abbreviation of two words that, taken together, mean State Industry. In English the structure is known as the State Industry Building or the Palace of Industry.
| Derzhprom | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view in 2020 | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | office, conference |
| Architectural style | Constructivism |
| Address | Maidan Svobody, 5, Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, 61022 |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Coordinates | 50°0′24″N 36°13′37.5″E / 50.00667°N 36.227083°E |
| Construction started | 1925 |
| Inaugurated | 7 November 1928 |
| Cost | 14,176,000 UAK |
| Height | |
| Antenna spire | 108 m (354 ft) |
| Roof | 63 m (207 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 13 |
| Floor area | 60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft) |
| Lifts/elevators | 12 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger |
| Developer | Economic Council of the USSR |
| Engineer | Pavlo Rottert |
| Website | |
| https://www.derzhprom.kh.ua/ | |
Derzhprom takes its place as a unique phenomenon of world architecture among the various structures that represent the modernist architecture of the first half of the 20th century, which are already on the UNESCO World Heritage List or the Tentative List.[2]
On 28 October 2024, Derzhprom was bombed by Russia, sustaining significant damage.
History
editThe grand opening of the "first Soviet skyscraper" took place on 7 November 1928.
The building was one of a few showcase projects designed when Kharkiv was the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. It was built by the architects from Leningrad Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger in only three years. Upon completion in 1928 it was the most spacious single structure in the world, and wasn't surpassed until the 1930's. Its unique feature lies in the symmetry which can only be sensed at one point, in the centre of the square.
The use of concrete in its construction and the system of overhead walkways and individual interlinked towers made the building extremely innovative.[3] The critic Reyner Banham in his Theory and Design in the First Machine Age regarded the building as one of the major architectural achievements of the 1920s, comparable in scale only to the Dessau Bauhaus and the Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam.[4] This allowed the structure to fully survive any destruction attempts during the Second World War.
In the spring of 1926, it was decided to close the construction due to financial difficulties. Then the head of construction of the State Industry, Pavlo Rottert, left for Moscow, where he managed to find support for the construction from Felix Dzerzhinsky. In March 1926, he returned to build a skyscraper, and in August 1926 it was decided to finance the construction on an extraordinary basis.[5]
The Derzhprom complex was used as a symbol of modernity in films such as Dziga Vertov's Three Songs about Lenin and Sergei Eisenstein's The General Line. The building's notability was overshadowed following the moving of the Ukrainian capital to Kyiv in 1934, the later denunciation of Constructivism in favour of Stalinist architecture, and the Second World War. More recently, one of its towers was used as a television centre and a TV relay tower was built on its roof.
The building was placed under in the tentative UNESCO World Heritage list in 2017[6] and was placed under provisional enhanced protection by UNESCO in 2022.[7]
During the Russo-Ukrainian War, Derzhprom was hit by a Russian guided bomb on 28 October 2024, believed to be of the FAB-500 model,[6] causing significant damage and nine injuries.[8][9][7] As the result, the mayor of Kharkiv Ihor Terekhov and the Bureau of UNESCO in Ukraine have initiated an accelerated procedure of nominating the Freedom Square ensemble (including Derzhprom) to the World Heritage list.[10]
Architecture
editDerzhprom is a symbol of Kharkiv as an industrial, modern and big city.[11]
The architecture of Derzhprom relates to international Constructivism, its forms are industrial.[12] The house has a high aesthetic potential and functionality; its construction is compared to a "communication leap". In the 1920s, such architecture was a novelty not only in Europe but also around the world.[13]
Architectural functionalism includes the following functions:
- Utilitarian – a place for industrial management activities in Ukraine.
- Ideological – the disclosure of the idea of industrialization as a progressive phenomenon.
- Social – a spacious center of the new Kharkiv, a socially significant object of government, a place of mass events such as holidays and demonstrations.
- Symbolic – "organized world", a symbol of a new era and of industrialization.
- Compositional – dominance in the spatial structure of the city; connecting the spaces of the square and the city; demarcation of the square and the city (at the level of the square).
- Symatic – laconic forms that lead to archetypal schemes; inclusion in the symbolism of the landscape.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The First Soviet Skyscraper". Archived from the original on 7 August 2007.
- ^ "Derzhprom (The State Industry Building)".
- ^ ua_archi (13 November 2009). "Госпром". Україна. Архітектура. Історія. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ (Architectural Press 1972, p. 297).
- ^ Shuvalova, E.A.; Nuriddinov, K.K.; Hovakimyan, S.S. (2019). "Waste wood-based building materials". Conference Materials. LJournal. doi:10.18411/sr-10-06-2019-25.
- ^ a b Elsa Court (30 October 2024). "Kharkiv's historic Derzhprom skyscraper becomes latest victim of Russian bombardments". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ a b Kateryna Hodunova; Olena Goncharova (29 October 2024). "UPDATED: Russia's attack on Kharkiv injures 9, damages historic landmark". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ "Навіть Гітлер не зруйнував: у Харкові "приліт" по будівлі Держпрому (фото, відео)". ТСН.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ Murray, Warren (29 October 2024). "Ukraine war briefing: Bomb shatters historic landmark in Kharkiv". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ Koloniei, Dmytro (4 November 2024). ЮНЕСКО допоможе відновити будівлю Держпрому у Харкові [UNESCO will help restore the building of Derzhprom in Kharkiv]. Infocity. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "Госпром – символ Харькова и символ стиля". galinaaksyenova.livejournal.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ "Госпром – символ Харькова. Есть ли у него будущее". vecherniy.kharkov.ua. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ В.в, Бородин (13 August 2007). "Системы показателей, используемые для оценки финансово – хозяйственной деятельности туристских организаций". Наука: теория и практика. 2 (2007).[permanent dead link]
External links
edit- 1930s photographs by Robert Byron
- Article on the building (in Russian)
- View during the war
- Photos by Luftwaffe pilots during World War II, some of the Derzhprom building
- Photo of the Derzhprom building
- Derzhprom/Gosprom building, photographs by Georges Dedoyard and others, Canadian Centre for Architecture (digitized items)