The Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cents) was the lower house of the legislature of the French First Republic under the Constitution of the Year III. It operated from 31 October 1795[1] to 9 November 1799 during the Directory (French: Directoire) period of the French Revolution.
Council of Five Hundred Conseil des Cinq-Cents | |
|---|---|
| French First Republic | |
 General Bonaparte surrounded by members of the Council of Five Hundred during the 18 Brumaire coup d'état. | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Established | 31 October 1795 |
| Disbanded | 10 November 1799 |
| Preceded by | National Convention (unicameral) |
| Succeeded by | Corps législatif |
| Seats | 500 |
| Meeting place | |
| Salle du Manège, rue de Rivoli, Paris | |
Role and function
editThe Council of Five Hundred was established under the Constitution of Year III which was adopted by a referendum on 24 September 1795,[2] and constituted after the first elections which were held from 12–21 October 1795. Voting rights were restricted to citizens owning property bringing in income equal to 150 days of work.[2] Each member elected had to be at least 30 years old, meet residency qualifications and pay taxes. To prevent them coming under the pressure of the sans-culottes and the Paris mob, the constitution allowed the Council of the Five Hundred to meet in closed session.[3] A third of them would be replaced annually.[4][5]
Besides functioning as a legislative body, the Council of Five Hundred proposed the list out of which the Ancients chose five Directors, who jointly held executive power. The Council of Five Hundred had their own distinctive official uniform, with robes, cape and hat, just as did the Council of Ancients and the Directors.[6][5] Under the Thermidorean constitution, as Boissy d'Anglas put it, the Council of Five Hundred was to be the imagination of the Republic, and the Council of Ancients its reason.[7][verification needed][8]
Elections of 1795
editElections of 1797
editIn the elections of April 1797, there were a number of voting irregularities and a very low turnout, resulting in a strong showing for Royalist tendencies. A number of the newly elected deputies formed the Club de Clichy in the council.[9] Jean-Charles Pichegru, widely assumed to be a monarchist, was elected President of the Council of Five Hundred.[10] After documentation of Pichegru's activities was supplied by Napoleon Bonaparte, the Directors accused the entire body of plotting against the Revolution and moved quickly to annul the elections and arrest the royalists in what was known as the Coup of 18 Fructidor.[10]
To support the coup, General Lazare Hoche, then commander of the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, arrived in the capital with his troops, while Napoleon sent an army under Pierre Augereau. Deputies were arrested and 53 were exiled to Cayenne in French Guiana. Since death from tropical disease was likely, this punishment was nicknamed the "dry guillotine". The 42 opposition newspapers were closed, the chambers were purged, and elections were partly cancelled.
Elections of 1798
editThe elections of April 1798 were heavily manipulated. The Council of the Five Hundred passed a law on 8 May barring 106 recently elected deputies from taking their seats, all of whom were of a left-wing persuasion. Elections in 48 departments were annulled.[11] Nevertheless, left-wing opinion grew in strength in the council in 1799, and on 18 June 1799, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients forced the resignations of the most anti-Jacobin Directors, Merlin de Douai, La Révellière-Lépeaux and Treilhard[12] in the co-called 'Coup of 30 Prairial VII'.
Coup of 18th Brumaire Year VIII
editIn October 1799 Napoleon's brother Lucien Bonaparte was appointed President of the Council of Five Hundred.[13] Soon afterwards, in the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon led a group of grenadiers who drove the council from its chambers and installed him as leader of France as its First Consul. This ended the Council of Five Hundred, the Council of Ancients and the Directory.[14]
References
edit- ^ Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 1 novembre 1795, p. 4
- ^ a b Chronicle of the French Revolutions, Longman 1989 p.495
- ^ Chronicle of the French Revolutions, Longman 1989 p.505
- ^ Neely, Sylvia (25 February 2008). A concise history of the French Revolution. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 226. ISBN 9780742534100.
- ^ a b Waquet, Dominique (2015). "Costumes et vêtements sous le Directoire : Signes politiques ou effets de mode ?". Cahiers d'Histoire. Revue d'Histoire Critique (in French) (129): 19–54. doi:10.4000/chrhc.4768. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "Grand costumes des membres du conseil et : Conseil des Cinq Cent Conseil des Anciens Haute Cour de justice tribunal de cassation : [estampe] / [non identifié]". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ Barraud, Boris (16 September 2016). "La République révolutionnaire – Modernité et archaïsme constitutionnels des premières institutions républicaines de France (1792-1799)". hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "Les nouveautés constitutionnelles de l'an III". 1795, pour une République sans Révolution. Histoire. Presses universitaires de Rennes. 9 July 2015. pp. 167–177. ISBN 9782753525962. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Chronicle of the French Revolutions, Longman 1989 p.561
- ^ a b Doyle, William (2002). The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-19-925298-5.
- ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.601
- ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.637
- ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.645
- ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Timefem in 1670 p.650