The common patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas), also known as the hussar monkey,[2] is a ground-dwelling monkey distributed over semi-arid areas of West Africa, and into East Africa.
| Common patas monkey[1] | |
|---|---|
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| At the San Francisco Zoo, California, U.S. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | Erythrocebus |
| Species: | E. patas
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| Binomial name | |
| Erythrocebus patas (Schreber, 1775)
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| Geographic range (includes E. poliophaeus and E. baumstarki) | |
Taxonomy
editThere is some confusion surrounding if there are valid subspecies, with some listing four,[3] others three,[4] and others listing two: the western Erythrocebus patas patas (with a black nose) and the eastern E. patas pyrrhonotus (with a white nose). However, it was later discovered that the nose colour used to separate these subspecies could change to white during pregnancy in females, as well as in general as animals aged, and E. patas pyrrhonotus in Kenya often did not have white noses,[1][5] thus Mammal Species of the World has classified E. patas as a monotypic species.[1]
The genus status of the species has previously been in flux. Colin Groves first argued the species was closely related to Cercopithecus aethiops in 1989, based on anatomical morphology. Phylogenetic evidence from 2003 appeared to validate him, finding the patas monkey to form a clade within the vervet genus Cercopithecus together with C. aethiops and C. lhoesti, and based on this study Erythrocebus was proposed to be sunk into synonymy with Cercopithecus.[6] However, more recent studies have found this interpretation of Cercopithecus to be paraphyletic, and thus many species in Cercopithecus have since been reclassified to numerous new genera and species, with C. aethiops moved to Chlorocebus and C. lhoesti to Allochrocebus. Erythrocebus is thus now thought to be a distinct genus.
Erythrocebus was previously thought to be a monotypic genus containing only E. patas. However, a 2017 study proposed splitting E. patas into three species (E. patas sensu stricto, E. poliphaeus, and E. baumstarki) based on morphological differences and heavy geographic separation between taxa, with the IUCN Red List and American Society of Mammalogists following through with this.[5][2][7][8]
Description
editThe male common patas monkey grows to 60 cm (24 in) to 87 cm (34 in) in length, excluding the tail, which measures 75 cm (30 in). Adult males are considerably larger than adult females, which average 49 cm (19 in) in length.[9] Adult males average 12.4 kg (27.3 lb) and adult females 6.5 kg (14.3 lb), showing a high degree of sexual dimorphism.[9] Males have the longest canine teeth of all the African long-tailed monkeys and the size of their canines plays a role in establishing a pecking order among males.[10] Reaching speeds of 55 km/h (34 mph), it is the fastest runner among the primates.[11] The life span in the wild can be up to about 20 years.[9]
Distribution and habitat
editIt is found in many parts of central, western, and eastern Africa. It also has been introduced to Puerto Rico.[12] The species avoids dense woodlands and lives in more open tropical savanna.
Behavior
editThe common patas monkey lives in multi-female groups of up to 60 individuals (although much larger aggregations have been reported). The group contains just one adult male for most of the year.[13] During the breeding season, there are multi-male influxes into the group. Once juvenile males reach sexual maturity (around the age of four years) they leave the group, usually joining all-male groups. The adult females in the group initiate movement of the group with the male following their lead.[13]
The common patas monkey feeds on insects, gum, seeds, and tubers, a diet more characteristic of much smaller primates.[14]
Female social organization
editVariation in the female social structure of patas monkeys has been observed across different populations. This variation may be dependent on food resources, as conflict between individuals is often a result of competition for limited resources. Higher rates of conflict over dense, but limited, food, such as fruit bushes, is associated with more stable, well defined dominance hierarchies than habitats with more diffuse resources, such as insects. Variation in the availability of these resources has been associated with variation in dominance hierarchies among females.[15]
Conflict among females has also shown the presence of recognition among matrilineal relatives. It has been observed that, shortly after conflicts among two females, patas monkeys often act differently toward each other than if they had not been in conflict. Females often reconcile with each other by activities such as sitting together and grooming. While this reconciliatory behavior is observed even between unrelated individuals, it is most common among matrilineal relatives. Dominance structure has relatively little effect on the probability of reconciliation occurring, except that the alpha-female is the least reconciliatory of the females. Affiliation toward matrilineal relatives is common in other primates as well, such as vervet monkeys.[16]
Male social organization
editMating in common patas monkeys is seasonal and occurs during the wet season.[citation needed] During periods when females are not receptive, relatively stable groups with one adult resident male and several females are the norm. This leaves an excess of males that either form all male groups or live on their own. During the mating season, resident males may be chased away by invading solitary males. This usually results in the formation of multi-male, multi-female groups shortly thereafter, as more males invade a group. The new resident male does not chase away subordinate invading males, but rather focuses on mating with females. At the end of the mating season, one-male, multi-female groups stabilize. One male remains as the resident male and chases other males away. In some instances, submissive males are tolerated by the resident male for short periods of time; however, they rarely remain in the group for more than several days.[17]
Young males have been observed to leave their natal groups anywhere from two to four years of age. However, one study showed that most juveniles left before they were three, which is before most males reach sexual maturity. This contrasts with an earlier study in which juveniles were observed to leave later, at sexual maturity, indicating that there may be variation between groups. The reason young males leave their natal group is also contested. Dominant males have been observed to act aggressively toward younger males in captivity. However, observations of wild patas monkeys has shown young males leaving the group in which they were born without any aggressive behavior from the adult male. The juveniles, in the time shortly before they leave, spend increasingly less and less time with the adult females in the group. However, juvenile males do not change the amount of time they spend near the adult male. This may indicate weakening of matrilineal ties, rather than male aggression, as the main reason juveniles disperse from their natal group.[18]
Alarm calls
editCommon patas monkeys have several distinct alarm calls that warn members in the group of predators. Different alarm calls are given by different group members (i.e. adult females, adult males, juveniles, etc.) and certain alarm calls are distinctive of different types of predators. Unlike other primates, patas monkeys rarely take refuge from predators in trees. This is most likely due to the relatively sparse tree cover in patas monkey habitats. While patas monkeys usually run on the ground away from predators, individuals have been observed to attack predators such as jackals and wildcats. This behavior has been observed in both males and females.[citation needed]
In popular culture
editThe relationship between the patas monkey and the whistling thorn acacia may have inspired The Lorax by Dr. Seuss.[19][20]
Gallery
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c De Jong, Y.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Butynski, T.M. (2022) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Erythrocebus patas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T174391079A217739569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T174391079A217739569.en.
- ^ Kingdon 1997, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Autin, Beth. "LibGuides: Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas) Fact Sheet: Physical Characteristics". ielc.libguides.com. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ a b Gippoliti, Spartaco (2017). "On the Taxonomy of Erythrocebus with a Re-evaluation of Erythrocebus poliophaeus (Reichenbach, 1862) from the Blue Nile Region of Sudan and Ethiopia" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 31: 53–59. ISSN 2162-4232. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ Tosi, Anthony J.; Disotell, Todd R.; Carlos Morales, Juan; Melnick, Don J. (June 2003). "Cercopithecine Y-chromosome data provide a test of competing morphological evolutionary hypotheses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27 (3): 510–521. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00024-1. PMID 12742755.
- ^ "ITIS - Report: Erythrocebus". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ Database, Mammal Diversity (2021-11-06), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5651212, retrieved 2021-11-12
- ^ a b c Kurt J. Gron (2006), Primate Factsheets: Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. Accessed 23 July 2018.
- ^ "Live Fast, Die Young". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
- ^ Arsuaga & Ignacio 2006, p. 18.
- ^ "Erythrocebus patas". Global invasive species database.
- ^ a b Hall 2009, pp. 15–87.
- ^ Isbell 1998, pp. 381–398.
- ^ Nakagawa 2008.
- ^ York & Rowell 1988.
- ^ Ohsawa 2003.
- ^ Rogers & Chism 2009.
- ^ Joanna Klein, "Can It Be? The Lorax Sprang from a Monkey?: A New Essay Explores the Possible Real-life Inspiration for a Dr. Seuss Character", The New York Times, August 7, 2018, p. D6.
- ^ Klein, Joanna (July 23, 2018). "Who Was the Real Lorax? Seeking the Inspiration for Dr. Seuss". The New York Times. Trilobites. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
References
edit- Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Ignacio, Martínez (2006) [1997]. The Chosen Species: The Long March of Human Evolution. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1532-2.
- Enstam, Karin L.; Isbell, Lynne A. (2002). "Comparison of responses to alarm calls by patas (Erythrocebus patas) and vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys in relation to habitat structure". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 119 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10104. PMID 12209569. S2CID 2743602.
- Hall, K. R. L. (2009). "Behaviour and ecology of the wild Patas monkey, Erythrocebus patas, in Uganda". Journal of Zoology. 148: 15–87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02942.x.
- Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-12-408355-4.
- Isbell, Lynne A. (1998). "Diet for a small primate: Insectivory and gummivory in the (large) patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas pyrrhonotus)". American Journal of Primatology. 45 (4): 381–98. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:4<381::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 9702283. S2CID 16880971.
- Isbell, L. A.; Young, T. P.; Jaffe, K. E.; Carlson, A. A.; Chancellor, R. L. (2009). "Demography and Life Histories of Sympatric Patas Monkeys, Erythrocebus patas, and Vervets, Cercopithecus aethiops, in Laikipia, Kenya". International Journal of Primatology. 30 (1): 103–124. doi:10.1007/s10764-009-9332-7. PMC 2949556. PMID 20976285.
- Nakagawa, Naofumi (2008). "Despotic wild patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kala Maloue, Cameroon". American Journal of Primatology. 70 (3): 238–46. doi:10.1002/ajp.20481. PMID 17854072. S2CID 36739667.
- Ohsawa, H (2003). "Long-term study of the social dynamics of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas): Group male supplanting and changes to the multi-male situation". Primates; Journal of Primatology. 44 (2): 99–107. doi:10.1007/s10329-002-0024-6. PMID 12687473. S2CID 31393728.
- Rogers, William; Chism, Janice (2009). "Male dispersal in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)". Behaviour. 146 (4): 657. doi:10.1163/156853908X395549. S2CID 84124341.
- York, Alison D.; Rowell, T.E. (1988). "Reconciliation following aggression in patas monkeys, Erythrocebus patas". Animal Behaviour. 36 (2): 502. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80021-6. S2CID 53158009.