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Circassians in Germany (Adyghe: Нэмцэм ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Nəmtsəm yis Adıgəxər; German: Tscherkessen in Deutschland) refers to people born in or residing in Germany who are of Circassian origin. There are around 40,000 Circassians in Germany.[1][2]
  | |
| Total population | |
| 40,000[1][2] | |
| Languages | |
| Circassian, German, Turkish | |
| Religion | |
| Predominately Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Circassians |
History
editCircassian exile to Turkey
editAfter the Circassian genocide, Circassians were exiled to Ottoman lands and initially suffered heavy tolls. The Circassians were initially housed in schools and mosques or had to live in caves until their resettlement. The Ottoman authorities assigned lands for Circassian settlers close to regular water sources and grain fields. Numerous died in transit to their new homes from disease and poor conditions.[3] Most Circassians ended up settling in Anatolia. As a result, Turkey has the largest Circassian population in the world.
Circassian immigration to Germany
editWest Germany signed a labour recruitment agreement with the Republic of Turkey on 30 October 1961, and officially invited the people of Turkey to emigrate to the country.[4] As a result, Circassians in Turkey began to immigrate to Germany and other parts of Europe in the 1960s.
Most Circassian people who immigrated to West Germany intended to live there temporarily and then return to Turkey so that they could build a new life with the money they had earned. However, the number of migrants who returned to Turkey ultimately remained relatively small compared to the number of immigrants arriving in Germany.[5] This was partly due to the family reunification rights that were introduced in 1974 which allowed immigrant workers to bring their families to Germany.[6] Aside from Germany, Circassians also immigrated to the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland and Austria.[7]
Organizations and activities
editThe Circassians in Munich established Europe's first "Caucasian cultural association" on September 22, 1968. Other cultural organizations in Germany and neighboring countries soon followed. In 2004, the Circassian cultural associations of Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium established the "Federation of Circassian Cultural Associations in Europe".[7] Only 18% of Circassians in Europe declared that they were fluent in their mother tongue.
Culture
editThe Circassian people who immigrated to Germany brought their culture with them, including their language, religion, food, and arts.
Food
editCircassian cuisine is an ethnic cuisine, based on the cooking style and traditions of the Circassians. Circassian cuisine consists of many different traditional dishes, varying by season.[8][9] The summer time traditional dishes are mainly dairy products and vegetables.[10] In winter and spring, the traditional dishes mostly consist of flour and meat. Traditional dishes include ficcin, seasoned chicken or turkey with sauce, boiled mutton and beef with a seasoning of sour milk along with salt and crushed garlic. Circassians in Germany who immigrated from Turkey also traditionally consume Turkish cuisine.
Language
editMost Circassians in Germany speak the Turkish language as their mother tongue, but some also speak the Circassian language, a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family. The Circassian language exhibits a large number of consonants: between 50 and 60 consonants in various dialects. The earliest written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century.[11] Circassians in Germany mainly speak the German language more fluently than their native Turkish and Circassian languages.
Religion
editThe Circassian people in Germany are predominantly Muslim. The Circassians in Germany mostly identify as Sunni Muslims of Hanafi madh'hab.
Notable individuals
edit- Cem Özdemir – politician, co–chairman of the German Green Party
- Asuman Krause – actress, singer, model and TV presenter who was crowned Miss Turkey in 1998
- Şamil Çinaz – professional footballer
- Hakan Albayrak – journalist and activist
- Sinan Albayrak – TV and film actor
- Fahriye Evcen – actress and model
- Uğur İnceman – former professional footballer who played as a midfielder[12]
References
edit- ^ a b Lopes, Tiago André Ferreira. "The Offspring of the Arab Spring" (PDF). Strategic Outlook. Observatory for Human Security (OSH). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ a b Zhemukhov, Sufian (2008). "Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges" (PDF). PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54: 2. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
- ^ Rogan 1999, p. 73.
- ^ Nathans 2004, 242.
- ^ Lucassen 2005, 148-149.
- ^ Findley 2005, 220.
- ^ a b Hoppe, Hans-Joachim. "Die Tscherkessen – ein unbekanntes Volk erwacht". Eurasisches Magazin. Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
- ^ Circassian cuisine. YouTube.
- ^ www.circassianworld.com/AdygheCuisine.pdf
- ^ "Circassian Cuisine" (PDF). www.circassianworld.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ Papşu, Murat (2006)."Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesi Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006. (in Turkish)
- ^ "UĞUR İNCEMAN". TFF. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
Works cited
edit- Findley, Carter (2005), The Turks in World History, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 978-0-19-517726-8
- Lucassen, Leo (2005), The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe Since 1850, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-03046-8
- Nathans, Eli (2004), The Politics of Citizenship in Germany: Ethnicity, Utility and Nationalism, Berg Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85973-781-1
- Rogan, Eugene L. (1999). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66312-1.