Chris Hani (28 June 1942 – 10 April 1993),[1] born Martin Thembisile Hani SSA, SBS, CLS, DMG, MMS, was the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). He was a fierce opponent of the apartheid government, and was assassinated by Janusz Waluś, a Polish immigrant and sympathiser of the Conservative opposition on 10 April 1993, during the unrest preceding the transition to democracy.[2]
Chris Hani | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Chris Hani | |
| 11th General Secretary of the South African Communist Party | |
| In office 1991–1993 | |
| Preceded by | Joe Slovo |
| Succeeded by | Charles Nqakula |
| Chief of Staff of Umkhonto we Sizwe | |
| In office 1987–1992 | |
| President | |
| Preceded by |
|
| Succeeded by | Siphiwe Nyanda |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Martin Thembisile Hani 28 June 1942 Cofimvaba, South Africa |
| Died | 10 April 1993 (aged 50) Boksburg, South Africa |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
| Political party | South African Communist Party |
| Other political affiliations | African National Congress (Tripartite Alliance) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation |
|
| Civilian awards |  |
| Nickname | Chris |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
|
| Branch/service | |
| Years of service | 1962–1992 |
| Rank |
|
| Battles/wars | Rhodesian Bush War |
| Military awards |        |
Early life
editMartin Thembisile Hani was born on 28 June 1942[1] in the Xhosa village in Cofimvaba, Transkei. His father Gilbert Hani was a mine union worker and political activist who left the country to go into exile in 1962 and returned to South Africa in 1991. His mother Mary Hani was a simple person who had never attended school. He was the fifth of six children. He attended Lovedale school in 1957, to finish his last two years. He twice finished two school grades in a single year. When Hani was 12 years old, after hearing his father's explanations about apartheid and the African National Congress (ANC), he wished to join the ANC but was still too young to be accepted.[3] In Lovedale school, Hani joined the ANC Youth League when he was 15 years old, even though political activities were not allowed at black schools under apartheid. He influenced other students to join the ANC.[3]
In 1959, at the University of Fort Hare in Alice, Eastern Cape, Hani studied English, Latin[3] and modern and classical literature.[4] He did not participate in any sport, saying: "I would rather fight apartheid than play sport."[3] Hani, in an interview on the Wankie campaign, mentioned that he was a Rhodes University graduate.[5]
Political and military career
editAt the age of 15, he joined the ANC Youth League. As a student, he was active in protests against the Bantu Education Act. He worked as a clerk for a law firm. Following his graduation, he joined Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the ANC. Following his arrest under the Suppression of Communism Act, he went into exile in Lesotho in 1963.[4] Because of Hani's involvement with Umkhonto we Sizwe, he was forced into hiding by the South African government and changed his first name to Chris.[4]
He received military training in the Soviet Union and served in campaigns in the Zimbabwean War of Liberation, also called the Rhodesian Bush War. They were joint operations between Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army in the late 1960s. The Luthuli Detachment operation consolidated Hani's reputation as a soldier in the black army that took the field against apartheid and its allies. His role as a fighter from the earliest days of MK's exile (following the arrest of Nelson Mandela and the other internal MK leaders at Rivonia) was an important part in the fierce loyalty that Hani later enjoyed in some quarters as MK's Deputy Commander (Joe Modise was overall commander). In 1969, Hani co-signed, with six others, the "Hani Memorandum", which was strongly critical of the leadership of Joe Modise, Moses Kotane and other comrades in the leadership.[6]
In Lesotho, Hani organised guerrilla operations of the MK in South Africa. By 1982, he had become prominent enough to have become the target of assassination attempts, and he eventually moved to the ANC's headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia. As head of Umkhonto we Sizwe, he was responsible for the suppression of a mutiny by dissident anti-Communist ANC members in detention camps, but denied any role in abuses including torture and murder.[4] Many MK female operatives, such as Dipuo Mvelase, adored Chris Hani for having protected women's rights and caring about their wellbeing at military camps.[7]
Having spent time as a clandestine organiser in South Africa in the mid-1970s, he permanently returned to South Africa following the unbanning of the ANC in 1990, and took over from Joe Slovo as head of the South African Communist Party (SACP) on 8 December 1991.[8] He supported the suspension of the ANC's armed struggle in favour of negotiations.[9]
Assassination
editChris Hani was assassinated on 10 April 1993 outside his home in Dawn Park, a racially mixed suburb of Boksburg. He was accosted by a Polish far-right anti-communist immigrant named Janusz Waluś, who shot him as he stepped out of his car.[10] Waluś fled the scene but was soon arrested after Margareta Harmse, a white Afrikaner housewife, saw Waluś straight after the crime as she was driving past, and called the police. A neighbour of Hani also witnessed the crime and later identified both Waluś, and the vehicle he was driving at the time. Clive Derby-Lewis, a senior South African Conservative Party MP and Shadow Minister for Economic Affairs at the time, who had lent Waluś his pistol, was also arrested for complicity in Hani's murder.[11] The Conservative Party of South Africa had broken away from the ruling National Party out of opposition to the reforms of P. W. Botha. After the elections of 1989, it was the second-strongest party in the House of Assembly, after the National Party, and opposed F. W. de Klerk's dismantling of apartheid.
Historically, the assassination is seen as a turning point. Serious tensions followed the assassination, with fears that the country would erupt in violence. Nelson Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as presidential even though he was not yet president of the country:[12]
Tonight I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. ... Now is the time for all South Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for – the freedom of all of us.
While riots followed the assassination,[11] both sides of the negotiation process were galvanised into action, and they soon agreed that the democratic elections should take place on 27 April 1994, just over a year after Hani's assassination.[12]
Assassins' conviction and amnesty hearing
editIn October 1993, both Janusz Waluś and Clive Derby-Lewis were convicted for the murder[13] and sentenced to death. Derby-Lewis's wife, Gaye, was acquitted. Both men's sentences were commuted to life imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished as a result of a Constitutional Court ruling in 1995.[14]
Hani's killers appeared before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, claiming political motivation for their crimes and applying for amnesty on the basis that they had acted on the orders of the Conservative Party. The Hani family was represented by the anti-apartheid lawyer George Bizos.[15] Their applications were denied when the TRC ruled that they had not acted under orders.[16] Following several failed attempts, Derby-Lewis was granted medical parole in May 2015 after he had been diagnosed with terminal lung cancer; he died 18 months later, on 3 November 2016.[17]
On 10 March 2016, the North Gauteng High Court of South Africa ordered Waluś to be released on parole under bail conditions.[18] The Department of Justice and Correctional Services lodged an appeal against the parole decision to the Supreme Court of Appeal in Bloemfontein.[19] The Department of Home Affairs has indicated that Waluś may have his South African citizenship revoked.[19] On 18 August 2017, the Supreme Court of Appeal in Bloemfontein overturned Waluś's parole, a decision that was welcomed by the SACP.[20] By October 2019, Waluś was still in prison, despite his lawyer's claim that he is completely rehabilitated.[21] On 16 March 2020, Waluś was again denied parole by Justice Minister Ronald Lamola.[22] On 7 December 2022, Waluś was granted parole under strict conditions by Justice Minister Ronald Lamola.[23]
Absence of conspiracy
editHani's assassination has attracted numerous conspiracy theories about outside involvement. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission said it "was unable to find evidence that the two murderers convicted of the killing of Chris Hani took orders from international groups, security forces or from higher up in the right-wing echelons".[24]
Influence
editHani was a charismatic leader, with significant support among the radical anti-apartheid youth. At the time of his death, he was the most popular ANC leader after his senior, Nelson Mandela.[16] Following the legalisation of the ANC, His support for the negotiation process with the apartheid government was critical in keeping the militants in line.[25]
Honours
editIn 1993, French philosopher Jacques Derrida dedicated Spectres de Marx (1993) to Hani.[26]
Star of South Africa (Gold) (SSAG) (posthumously)
Star for Bravery (Silver) (SBS) (posthumously)
Conspicuous Leadership Star (CLS) (posthumously)
Decoration for Merit (Gold) (DMG) (posthumously)
Merit Medal (Silver) (MMS) (posthumously)
Service Medal (Gold) (posthumously)
Service Medal (Silver) (posthumously)
Service Medal (Bronze) (posthumously)
In 1997, Baragwanath Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in the world, was renamed the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in his memory.[27] In September 2004, Hani was voted 20th in the controversial Top 100 Greatest South Africans poll.[28]
Days after his assassination, the rock group Dave Matthews Band (whose lead singer and guitarist, Dave Matthews, is from South Africa) began playing what would become "#36", with lyrics and chorus referring to Hani's shooting.[29][30]
A short opera, Hani, by composer Bongani Ndodana-Breen with libretto by film producer Mfundi Vundla, was commissioned by Cape Town Opera and the University of Cape Town, premiering at the Baxter Theatre on 21 November 2010.[31][32]
A District Municipality in the Eastern Cape was named the Chris Hani District Municipality. This district includes Queenstown, Cofimvaba and Lady Frere.[33] The Thembisile Hani Local Municipality in Mpumalanga also bears his name.
In 2009, after extension of Cape Town's Central Line, the new terminus serving eastern areas of Khayelitsha was christened Chris Hani.[34]
Recognitions
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Chris Hani (1991). "My Life, An autobiography written in 1991". SA Communist Party. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "The Death of Chris Hani: An African Misadventure - The O'Malley Archives". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d Van Wyk, Chris (2003). Chris Hani. South Africa: Awareness publishing. p. 13. ISBN 1919910131.
- ^ a b c d "Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani". About.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ Leaders-Chris Hani. 22:04.
{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ The ‘Hani Memorandum’ – introduced and annotated by Hugh Macmillan Archived 25 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Transformation, 2009.
- ^ "Underground fight for SA". The Sowetan. 7 October 2008.
- ^ "Chris Hani is elected SACP Secretary | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ Hani, Chris (February 1991). "My Life". South African Communist Party. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 12–. ISBN 9780313324857.
- ^ a b "Hani Truth hearing resumes". BBC News. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ a b Sparks, Allister (1994). Tomorrow is Another Country. Struik.
- ^ Keller, Bill (15 October 2020). "2 South Africa Whites Guilty in Murder of Black". New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ Grootes, Stephen (8 October 2014). "Chris Hani and the Arms Deal bombshell: A death that still hangs over us". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ "Waluś denies Hani killing was his idea". Dispatch. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Hani killers denied amnesty". BBC News. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "My husband is finally free - Gaye Derby-Lewis". News24. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "Chris Hani's killer Janusz Walus granted parole". The M&G Online. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Janusz Walus fights to retain his SA citizenship". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ^ "Court overturns decision to grant Chris Hani's killer parole". 18 August 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ Tlhabye, Goitsemang (7 October 2019). "Advocate says Janusz Walus rehabilitated, simply being subjected to political bias". IOL. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Janusz Walus denied parole over Chris Hani assassination". 16 March 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ Maromo, Jonisayi. "Janusz Walus discharged from hospital, officially on parole". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ "Conclusions about the Chris Hani Assassination". Africanhistoryabout.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ Mzamane, Nthoana and Mbulelo (July 1993). "Obituary: Hamba Kahle Chris Hani: 1942-1993". Southern Africa Report. 9 (1): 22. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ Jacques Derrida (1994), Spectres de Marx: l'état de la dette, le travail du deil et la nouvelle Internationale, Paris: Galilée, (ISBN 978-2-7186-0429-9).
- ^ The history of the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Archived 3 August 2012 at archive.today, chrishanibaragwanathhospital.co.za (accessed 3 November 2016)
- ^ "Top 100 Greatest South Africans". Youth Village. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
- ^ "Song Listing for "#36"". DMBAlmanac.com².
- ^ Martell, Nevin. "Dave Matthews Band: Music for the People", p. 57. Simon and Schuster, 2004.
- ^ Tonight - 'Bonsai opera' revitalises genre, tonight.co.za
- ^ Karen Rutter. "The struggle continues". Times LIVE. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "About Us – Chris Hani District Municipality". Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ "New trains for Khayelitsha residents". West Cape News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2016.