Avernus was an ancient name for a volcanic crater near Cumae (Cuma), Italy, in the region of Campania west of Naples. Part of the Phlegraean Fields of volcanoes,[1] Avernus is approximately 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) in circumference. Within the crater is Lake Avernus (Lago d'Averno).[2]
Role in ancient Roman society
editAvernus was believed to be the entrance to the underworld, and is portrayed as such in the Aeneid of Virgil. According to tradition, all birds flying over the lake were destined to fall dead,[3] hence the lake’s name was transferred to Greek as Ἄορνος (λίμνη) Áornos (límnē)‚ or 'birdless (lake)'.[4] This was likely due to the toxic fumes that the mouths of the crater gave off into the atmosphere. In later times, the word was simply an alternative name for the underworld.
On the shores of the lake is the grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl and the entrance to a long tunnel (Grotta di Cocceio, c. 800 metres (2,600 ft)) leading toward Cumae, where her sanctuary was located. There are also the remains of temples to Apollo and Jupiter. During the civil war between Octavian and Antony, Agrippa tried to turn the lake into a military port, the Portus Julius. A waterway was dug from Lake Lucrino to Avernus to this end. The port's remains may still be seen under the lake's surface.[5]
Averni
editThe term avernus (plural averni) was also used by ancient naturalists for certain lakes, grottos, and other places which infect the air with poisonous steams or vapors. The Cave of Dogs in Italy was a famous example.[6] The most celebrated of these, however, is Lake Avernus.
They were also called mephites. Mephitis was the Roman goddess of noxious vapors who protected against malaria. The adjective 'mephitic' means 'foul-smelling' or 'malodorous'.
See also
edit- Ploutonion, 'grotto of Plouton', a Greek term for a mephitic sanctuary
- Yomotsu Hirasaka
References
edit- ^ Siebert, Lee; Simkin, Tom; Kimberly, Paul (2011). Volcanoes of the World (3rd ed.). University of Calif. Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-520-94793-1.
[in the chart] Campi Flegrei [...] Averno
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Averni". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 177.
- ^ W. M. Lindsay, The Latin Language, Oxford 1894, p. 197.
- ^ R.F., Paget (1968). "The Ancient Ports of Cumae". The Journal of Roman Studies. 58 (1–2): 152–169. doi:10.2307/299704. JSTOR 299704.
- ^ Curtis, Thomas (1829). The London Encyclopaedia. Vol. 3. T. Tegg. p. 269.
External links
edit- Cyclopædia (1728) article “Averni”.
- Lake Avernus with the Temple of Apollo and a Distant View of Cape Misenum (1819), a very faint pencil sketch by Joseph Turner (see also: Cape Misenum)
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