Manuel Atanasio Girardot Díaz (2 May 1791 – 30 September 1813) was a Neogranadine military officer and one of the heroes of the Colombian and Venezuelan wars of Independence. He is famous for having died during the Battle of Bárbula, trying to plant the republican flag on Bárbula Hill.
Atanasio Girardot | |
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 Posthumous portrait of Girardot by José María Espinosa circa 1848. | |
| Birth name | Manuel Atanasio Girardot Díaz |
| Born | May 2, 1791 San Jerónimo, Antioquia Province, Viceroyalty of New Granada |
| Died | September 30, 1813 Bárbula Hil, Bárbula, Naguanagua, Venezuela |
| Allegiance | Spain (until 1810) United Provinces of New Granada |
| Service | Spanish Army Army of the Union |
| Years of service | 1805-1813 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Unit | Auxiliary Infantry Battalion of Santafé |
| Battles / wars | Colombian war of Independence Venezuelan War of Independence |
The son of Louis Girardot, wealthy merchant and French miner, Girardot fought in the first battle of the Colombian War of Independence, at the Battle of Bajo Palacé on March, 28 1811 and fought with the distinction earning his promotion to captain.
Girardot later took part in the New Granada civil war of 1812 when he switched sides from being in the centralist army to the federalist army.
In 1813 he was assigned to Brigadier Simón Bolívar's army that took part in the Campaña Admirable , participating with distinction in many of the battles. At the Battle of Bárbula, he led the assault on the Spanish positions on the hill which as was successful however when he , tried to plant the republican flag on Bárbula Hill he received gunshot to his heart killing him instantly.
Early life
editManuel Atanasio Girardot Díaz was born on May 2, 1791 in the town of San Jerónimo, in the Antioquía Province of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. 5 days later he was taken to the chapel of La Candeleria in the city of Medellín where he was baptized. His father was Frenchmen Louis Girardot who was born in Paris on June 23, 1752, he immigrated to Spain and joined the Spanish army serving in the Walloon Guards Regiment, after serving some time he immigrated to New Granada in Spanish America. There he married María Josefa Díaz de Hoyos with whom he had Atanasio, their first child.
In 1801 the family moved from Antioquía to the capital of the viceroyalty; Santafé de Bogotá. On December 12, 1801, Louis Girardot was given Spanish citizenship by royal decree of the king of Spain Charles IV in recognition of his services in the Spanish army as well as the recommendations provided by the high society of New Granada. Spanish citizenship meant that young Atanasio would now be able to get an education, thus he was subsequently enrolled in Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. It is not known when he was exactly admitted but it is known that he culminated his studies in October of 1810 earning a degree in Philosophy and Civil Law.
While studying at the Colegio del Rosario, Girardot followed the footsteps of his father and enlisted in the Spanish army as a cadet in the Auxiliary Infantry battalion of Santafé; the main garrison force of the viceregal capital.
War of Independence
editOn July 20, 1810 the criollos of Santafé sparked a popular revolt that aimed at establishing a governing junta, this revolt would end up sparking the war of independence of New Garanda (now modern day Colombia). The revolt led to the removal of the Viceroy and most of the royal government. The Spanish army units in the city also joined in the revolt and swore fealty to the newly established Supreme Junta of Santafé, their Spanish commander was arrested and exiled along with the other royal officials. At the time of the revolt Girardot was a lieutenant in the Auxiliary battalion.
In late 1810 the patriots who had established a junta in the Cauca Valley in southern New Granada requested assistance from the Santafé junta as they were being threatened by the Spanish governor of Popayán who planned to march on them and dissolve the junta by force. The Junta immediately ordered the creation of an expeditionary force to help their fellow compatriots, Colonel Antonio Baraya was named commander of this expeditionary while lieutenant Girardot was given command of the vanguard. The expeditionary force composed of 150 troops along with 16 artillery men and cannons departed Santafé for Cali in November of 1810.
Baraya reached Cali, where the available forces of the Confederation gathered on December 26, and dedicated himself to preparing the campaign to capture Popayán. On March 25, 1811, the Republican army, with more than a thousand men, left Corrales for Piendamó, preceded by a vanguard under the command of the 19-year-old lieutenant, Atanasio Girardot. His instructions were to reach the Cofre River and wait there but, not finding the enemy, he continued his advance to the bridge over the Palace river, where he fortified the heights that dominated it. An Imprudent decision of the impetuous commander, who until then had never entered into combat and longed to deal with the enemy. On March 28, the Battle of Bajo Palacé occurred when a royalist force five times superior forced the passage of the bridge at 12:30 p.m., with artillery support. Girardot tenaciously defended his position, immediately informing Baraya, who was in Piendamó, two hours from where the combat was occurring, which indicates to what extent his impetuous subordinate had detached himself from the bulk of the army.
When Baraya reached the Palacé river well in the afternoon, Girardot was still holding his positions, in front of the bridge head that his adversary had achieved on the north bank. Baraya immediately attacked in support of his subordinate with his own infantry and the Vallecaucan cavalry. The clash was violent. Girardot attacked from his positions and at dusk the royalists had been defeated in was the first battle of the Colombian war of Independence.
For his actions he was promoted to Captain and awarded a badge of honor with the colors red and yellow with an inscription Defensor de la Libertad en Palacé (Defender of Liberty at Palacé).
New Granada Civil War
editOn January 10, 1812, Baraya triumphantly entered Santafé. Since the previous September, Antonio Nariño had acceded to the presidency of Cundinamarca, with editorials from the newspaper La Bagatela that had led to the resignation of former president Jorge Tadeo Lozano. A supporter of a strong centralist government to face an uncertain future, Nariño decided to incorporate the provinces of Tunja and Socorro into the nascent state. Promoted to brigadier, Baraya marched to Tunja. Girardot, now captain, commanded the vanguard. Previously, Colonel Joaquín Ricaurte had occupied El Socorro. In a sudden change of front, the two expedition commanders switched to the federalist side of the Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada, and explained their reasons in an act, where Girardot’s signature does not appear.
Baraya would have so much confidence in his young captain, that he ordered him to act against the vanguard of a centralist army, commanded by his own father and under the orders of José Miguel Pey. For Girardot, duty was put before all consideration and, in an act that must have weighed a lot on his soul, he obtained the surrender of the unit, and captured his father Don Luis.
Baraya and Ricaurte, after a first success at the Battle of Ventaquemada, advanced on Santafé, put on a war footing by Antonio Nariño. It was up to Girardot, in Baraya’s plan, to take the positions on the slopes of Monserrate, which he did with his usual boldness, and launch from there his attack in the final assault on the city. Nariño managed to immobilize him in his positions, through a ruse in which he simulated an order from Baraya. Biting his impatience, the young captain had to observe the disaster of the Federal Army, and retreat to Tunja with his troops intact, while his companions fell prisoners.
The civil war ended after the centralist victory at the Battle of San Victorino, the federalists and the centralists then joined forces to face the growing royalist offensives that threatened the north and south of the country.
Admirable Campaign in Venezuela
editSimón Bolívar, an exiled Venezuelan military officer who had fled to New Granada after the fall of the first republic of Venezuela to the Spanish, was commissioned into the army of the union of the federal congress and made a brigadier. Bolivar requested that the congress allow him to take neogranadine troops to invade and liberate Venezuela, as the royalists in Venezuela posed a threat to the republic and had already taken the border city of Cúcuta. The congress approved and sent troops to assist him along with centralists who also contributed some troops as well. This campaign led by Brigadier Bolívar would come to be known as the Admirable Campaign.
Colonel Atanasio was selected to be part of this force, he commanded the vanguard, made up of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Battalions of La Unión, a total of 560 neogranadine troops. Girardot’s performance along the bristling combat itinerary corresponded exactly to his temperament.
Leaving San Cristóbal on May 28, 1813, Bolivar's army occupied the city of Mérida six days later. Without delay they continued their march on Trujillo, which fell into their hands on June 12. On the 14th, Bolívar arrived there with the rearguard and promulgated his infamous decree of the War to Death.
The southern flank of the invasion offered the greatest risk, because of the large number royalist troops concentrated in the area of Barinas. Bolívar decided to execute a risky setback maneuver over the provincial capital, achieving the annihilation of the column commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Martí and occupying the capital of the province. To destroy the rest of the forces of the Spanish commander Antonio Tizcar, he dispatched Colonel Girardot who, in a rapid penetrating maneuver, reached the town of Nutrias, where the Spanish had placed their headquarters, and caught them by surprise: the ensuing battle saw the annihilation of the Spanish forces there, with only Tizcar and his entourage being able to escape the disaster.
Bolívar’s final advance towards Caracas on the San Carlos-Valencia road, left Girardot as a rearguard, in the Apure region. The neogranadine officer countermarched quickly, reaching the bulk of the Army on July 29 in San Carlos. This was how he was able to take part in the Battle of Taguanes, commanded by the Liberator. In his report to the Congress of New Granada, Bolívar highlighted in the first place, Girardot’s intrepidity and heroism during the battle.
Bolivar and his army then entered Caracas shortly after, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela. However royalist uprisings in various parts of Venezuela, along with the arrival of important Spanish reinforcements received by sea from their colonies of Puerto Rico and Cuba coupled with the losses and exhaustion of the republican troops, allowed Captain General Juan Domingo de Monteverde, commander of Spanish forces in Venezuela, to lead a counteroffensive. With 1,800 men he departed the fortified redoubt of Puerto Cabello and, heading south, occupied the double position of Las Trincheras and the hill of Bárbula, somewhat separated from each other, which allowed them to be beat in detail.
Battle of Barbula
editOn September 30, 1813 it dawned clear, without a cloud. Since the night before Bolívar had arranged the attack on the Bárbula with a triple column, under the command of Girardot, D’Elhuyar and Urdaneta. With his usual intrepidity Girardot attacked. A few steps away he was accompanied by Urdaneta, whose Memories testify to the action. The neogranadine colonel, accustomed to leading at the head of his men, took the flag of his Battalion, the 4th battalion of the union, and led the assault on the hill. The attack forced the royalist commander to abandon his solid positions, to which Girardot said to Urdaneta: “Look there comrade, at how those cowards flee!” At that moment a royalist bullet pierced his heart.
Legacy
editFor Bolívar, the loss of Girardot was an emotional blow and presented an irreplaceable loss. During the campaign he had been tasked Girardot with the most risky operations and he had, each time, given him victory after victory. He was, by far, the most brilliant of his officers.
After receiving word of his death, Bolivar issued a lengthy decree of honors on September 30, 1813, an excerpt from the decree states the following:
Colonel Atanasio Girardot has died on this day in the field of honor. The Republics of New Granada and Venezuela owe him in large part the glory that covers his weapons and the freedom of our soil.
The decree, goes on to mention the many victories that Girardot had commanded and the gratitude that the people of both New Granada and Venezuela should have towards this fallen officer as well as his place in history as one of the great champions of liberty. The document also instructs that a month long mourning period be observed throughout the country, and that Girardot's remains be repatriated to his birthplace in Antioquía while his heart be transported in triumph to Caracas where a ceremony would be held as his heart was deposited in a mausoleum in the main cathedral of the city. The decree also states that Girardot's battalion, the 4th battalion of the union, be renamed the Girardot battalion, and that his family in New Granada would receive a lifelong pension.
Various places have been named in tribute to him:
- Girardot, Cundinamarca, Colombia
- Girardot Municipality, Aragua, Venezuela
- Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex in Medellin
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