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Alla Nazimova

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Aleksandrovna and the family name is Nazimova.

Alla Aleksandrovna Nazimova (Russian: Алла Александровна Назимова, born Marem-Ides Leventon; June 3 [O.S. May 22], 1879 – July 13, 1945) was a Russian-American actress, director, producer and screenwriter.

Alla Nazimova
Nazimova in 1913
Born
Marem-Ides Leventon[1] (Russian name: Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon)

(1879-06-03)June 3, 1879 [O.S. May 22]
Yalta, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire
DiedJuly 13, 1945(1945-07-13) (aged 66)[2]
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Other namesNazimova
Alia Nasimoff
Occupations
  • Actress
  • director
  • producer
  • screenwriter
Years active1903–1944
Spouse
Sergei Golovin
​
​
(m. 1899; div. 1923)​
Partner(s)Charles Bryant (1912–1925)
Glesca Marshall (1929–1945)
RelativesVal Lewton (nephew)
WebsiteOfficial website

On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov and Turgenev. She later moved on to film, where she served many production roles, both writing and directing films under pseudonyms. Her film Salome (1922) is regarded as a cultural landmark. Nazimova was bisexual and openly conducted relationships with women while being married to a man.[3] She created the Garden of Allah hotel which became a retreat for many celebrities of the time. She is credited with having originated the phrase "sewing circle" as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses.

Early life

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Nazimova was born Marem-Ides Leventon[4] (Russian name: Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire. Her accepted birth year is 1879, but different sources have cited 1878 or even 1876 as her birth year.[5][6] Her stage name Alla Nazimova was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets.[7] She was widely known as just Nazimova. Her name was sometimes transcribed as Alia Nasimoff.[8]

 
Nazimova pictured in an ad for a film

The youngest of three children born to Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sarah Leivievna Gorowitz (later known as Sofia or Sophie Lvovna Gorovitz/Horovitz/Herowitz), who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev,[9] Nazimova grew up in a dysfunctional family. Her parents divorced when she was eight and she was shuffled among boarding schools, foster homes and relatives. As a teenager, she began to pursue an interest in the theatre and took acting lessons at the Academy of Acting in Moscow. She joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time.[10]

Career

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Nazimova in the 1911 Broadway play The Marionettes

Nazimova's theater career blossomed early, and by 1903, she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with her boyfriend Pavel Orlenev,[7] a flamboyant actor and producer. In 1905, they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side. The venture was unsuccessful, and Orlenev returned to Russia while Nazimova stayed in New York.[11]

She was signed by the American producer Henry Miller and made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular success. Her English-language premiere in November 1906 was in the title role of Hedda Gabler. She reportedly learned English in five months.[12] She quickly became extremely popular (Nazimova's 39th Street Theatre was named after her) and remained a major Broadway star, often starring in works by Ibsen and Chekhov.[13] Dorothy Parker described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen.[citation needed]

Nazimova's film career began when she was 37 years old. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick. She was paid $1,000 per day, and the film was a success.[14] A young actor with a bit part in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, whose mother, Caroline W. Harris, had taught Nazimova English. Nazimova had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star.[15] In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro that earned her considerable money.

 
Elliot Cabot and Nazimova in the Theatre Guild production of A Month in the Country (1930)

She created and worked under Nazimova Productions from 1917 to 1921. She filled many roles in film production, outside of acting. She served as a director, producer, editor, lighting designer, and received credit for costume design for the film Revelation. She wrote screenplays under the pseudonym Peter M. Winters, and was a director for films credited to the name of her partner Charles Bryant.[4] In her film adaptations of works by such notable writers as Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, she developed filmmaking techniques that were considered daring at the time. Her film projects, including A Doll's House (1922), based on Ibsen, and Salomé (1923), based on Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures. Salomé, however, has become a cult classic, regarded as a feminist milestone in film. In 2000, the film was added to the National Film Registry. By 1925, she could no longer afford to invest in more films, and financial backers withdrew their support.[16]

In 1927, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry, returning to perform on Broadway, notably starring as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country and an acclaimed performance as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts, which critic Pauline Kael described as the greatest performance she had ever seen on the American stage. In the early 1940s, she returned to films, playing Robert Taylor's mother in Escape (1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (1941). This late return to motion pictures fortunately preserves Nazimova and her art on sound film.[17]

Personal life

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 Jack CooganNazimovaGloria SwansonHollywood BoulevardPicture taken in 1907 of this junctionHarold LloydWill RogersElinor Glyn"Buster" KeatonBill HartRupert HughesFatty ArbuckleWallace ReidDouglas FairbanksBebe DanielsBull MontanaRex IngramPeter the hermitCharlie ChaplinAlice TerryMary PickfordWilliam C. deMilleCecil B. DeMilleUse button to enlarge or cursor to investigate
This 1922 Vanity Fair caricature by Ralph Barton[18] shows the famous people who, he imagined, left work each day in Hollywood; use cursor to identify individual figures.

Marriages

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Nazimova and actor Charles Bryant in 1912

In 1899, she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor.[7] From 1912 to 1925, Nazimova maintained a "lavender marriage" with Charles Bryant (1879–1948),[19] a British-born actor.[7][20] To bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret from the press, her fans, and even her friends. In 1923, she arranged to divorce Golovin without traveling to the Soviet Union. Her divorce papers, which arrived in the United States that summer, stated that on May 11, 1923, the marriage of "citizeness Leventon Alla Alexandrovna" and Sergius Arkadyevitch Golovin, "consummated between them in the City Church of Boruysk June 20, 1899", had been officially dissolved. A little over two years later, on November 16, 1925, Charles Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans, and Nazimova herself by marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut. When the press uncovered the fact that Charles had listed his current marital status as "single" on his marriage license, the revelation that the marriage between Alla and Charles had been a sham from the beginning embroiled Nazimova in a scandal that damaged her career.[21]: 265–66, 285 

Relationships with women

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From 1917 to 1922, Nazimova wielded considerable influence and power in Hollywood.[7] She helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in an affair with Acker,[22] it is debatable as to whether her connection with Rambova ever developed into a sexual affair.

Nevertheless, there were rumors that Nazimova and Rambova were involved in a lesbian affair (they are discussed at length in Dark Lover, Emily Leider's biography of Rudolph Valentino) but those rumors never have been confirmed. She was very impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé.[23] The list of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, film director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece Dolly Wilde.[24]

Bridget Bate Tichenor, a Magic Realist artist and Surrealist painter, was rumored to be one of Nazimova's favored lovers in Hollywood during 1940–1942.[25] The two had been introduced by the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their intimate relationship angered Nazimova's longtime companion Glesca Marshall.[25]

 
Nazimova with Herbert Brenon, 1916

It is believed that Nazimova coined the phrase sewing circle as code to refer to lesbian or bisexual actresses of her day who concealed their true sexuality.[24][26]

Nazimova lived together with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until Nazimova's death in 1945.[21]: 289 

Friends and relations

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Edith Luckett, a stage actress and the mother of future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan, was a friend of Nazimova, having acted with her onstage. Edith married Kenneth Seymour Robbins, and following the birth of their daughter Nancy in 1921, Nazimova became her godmother. Nazimova continued to be friends with Edith and her second husband, neurosurgeon Loyal Davis, until her death.[27] She was also the aunt of American film producer Val Lewton.[20]

Garden of Alla

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Nazimova on the grounds of the Garden of Alla

Nazimova's private lifestyle gave rise to widespread rumors of outlandish and allegedly debauched parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, known as The Garden of Alla, which she leased in 1918 and bought outright the next year. Facing near-bankruptcy in 1926, she converted the 2.5-acre estate into a hotel by building 25 villas on the property. The Garden of Alla Hotel opened in January 1927. But Nazimova was ill-equipped to run a hotel and eventually sold it and returned to Broadway and theatrical tours. By 1930, the hotel had been purchased by Central Holding Corporation, which changed the name to the Garden of Allah Hotel. When Nazimova moved back to Hollywood in 1938, she rented Villa 24 at the hotel and lived there until her death.[21]

Death and memorials

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On July 13, 1945, Nazimova died of a coronary thrombosis, at age 66,[2] in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles.[20] Her ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[28] Her contributions to the film industry have been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Legacy

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Nazimova has been depicted a number of times in film and onstage. The first two were biographical films about Rudolph Valentino: The Legend of Valentino (1975), in which she was portrayed by Alicia Bond; and Valentino (1977), in which she was portrayed by Leslie Caron. She was featured in two 2013 silent films about Hollywood's silent movie era: Return to Babylon, in which she was played by Laura Harring,[29] and Silent Life, based on the life of Rudolph Valentino, where she was played by Sherilyn Fenn.[30]

 
Nazimova as Marguerite Gautier in Camille

The character of Nazimova also appears in Dominick Argento's opera Dream of Valentino,[31] in which she also played the violin. Nazimova was also featured in make-up artist Kevyn Aucoin's 2004 book Face Forward, in which he made up Isabella Rossellini to resemble her, particularly as posed in a certain photograph.[32]

Actress Romy Nordlinger first portrayed Alla Nazimova in The Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History production of Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate staged at the Snapple Theater Center in New York City in December 2013.[33][34] In Fall 2016, PLACES, a multimedia solo show about Alla Nazimova, supported by the League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage Program, written and performed by Romy Nordlinger debuted at Playhouse Theatre for a limited run.[35]

The Garden of Allah cabaret was an influential LGBTQ+ cabaret venue in the mid-20th century that took its name and inspiration from Nazimova's original Garden of Alla.[36]

Nazimova also appears in Medusa's Web,[37] a novel by fantasy-fiction writer Tim Powers.

Filmography

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Year Film Role Notes
1916 War Brides Joan Lost film
1918 Revelation Joline
Toys of Fate Zorah/Hagah
A Woman of France
Eye for Eye Hassouna Also producer and co-director
1919 Out of the Fog Faith & Eve Lost film
The Red Lantern Mahlee & Blanche Sackville
The Brat The Brat Also producer and writer
Lost film
1920 Stronger Than Death Sigrid Fersen Also producer
The Heart of a Child Sally Snape Also producer
Lost film
Madame Peacock Jane Gloring/Gloria Cromwell Also producer and writer (adaptation)
Billions Princess Triloff Also writer (titles) and editor
Lost film
1921 Camille Marguerite Gautier/Manon Lescaut in Daydream
1922 A Doll's House Nora Helmer Also producer and writer
Lost film
Salomé Salomé Also producer, writer and co-director
1924 Madonna of the Streets Mary Carlson/Mary Ainsleigh Lost film
1925 The Redeeming Sin Joan Lost film
My Son Ana Silva Lost film
1940 Escape Emmy Ritter
1941 Blood and Sand Señora Angustias Gallardo
1944 In Our Time Zofya Orvid
The Bridge of San Luis Rey Doña Maria – The Marquesa
Since You Went Away Zofia Koslowska

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge University Press. p. 782. Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon
  2. ^ a b "Alla Nazimova". Retrieved September 27, 2006. Her death on July 13, 1945, was attributed to coronary thrombosis.
  3. ^ Woods, Leigh (November 2006). "War and Peace, 1914-1918". Transatlantic Stage Stars in Vaudeville and Variety: Celebrity Turns. Palgrave Studies in Theatre and Performance History. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4039-7536-2. The star [Alla Nazimova] may have had other motives [for starring in War Brides]. She was what now would be called bisexual. In the way of the day, she didn't want the public to know it, but neither was she very attentive to preserving the illusion of her wedded bliss...Some time after War Brides—which among its other demands kept her on the road off and on with [husband Charles] Bryant for a year—she fell in with the self-proclaimed Ukrainian expatriate-cum-designer/performer, Natasha Rambova (née Winifred Shaughnessy; a.k.a. Winifred Hudnut).
  4. ^ a b "Alla Nazimova – Women Film Pioneers Project". wfpp.columbia.edu. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  5. ^ October 1905 passenger list. "Ancestry.com". Ancestry.com. Retrieved February 13, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Short bio in Moscow Theatre (in Russian)". Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e Mavromatis, Kally; Pringle, Glen (1999). "Alla Nazimova – Silent Star". Archived from the original on September 20, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2006.
  8. ^ "Alla Nazimova" (in German). Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2006. auch: Alia Nasimoff (also: Alia Nasimoff)
  9. ^ "Алла Назимова – Звезда Голливуда Из Ялты". Old Yalta. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  10. ^ Worrall, Nick (August 29, 2003). The Moscow Art Theatre. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-11443-8.
  11. ^ Cohen, Robert; Wengraf, Susan; Moran, Jessica M; Pateman, Barry; Falk, Candace; Goldman, Emma (2016). Emma Goldman, Vol. 2: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume 2: Making Speech Free, 1902-1909. Volume 2, Volume 2. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09942-7. OCLC 1154834491.
  12. ^ Untitled article, pg. SMA2, The New York Times, 1906-11-11. Accessed 2015-08-04.
  13. ^ Horowitz, Joseph (2008). "Delayed Reaction: Stanislavsky, Total Theater, and Broadway". Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-06-074846-3. nazimova chekhov ibsen.
  14. ^ Terry Ramsaye (January 1925). "The Romantic History of the Motion Picture". Photoplay. p. 120.
  15. ^ Blum, Daniel (c. 1953). A Pictorial History of the Silent Screen p. 111
  16. ^ "correspondence : 03.0003.1101". lmuweb02.lmunet.edu. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  17. ^ "Alla Nazimova Society » 1941: Alla Nazimova in "Blood and Sand"". Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  18. ^ "When the Five O'Clock Whistle Blows in Hollywood". Vanity Fair. September 1922. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  19. ^ Harbin, Billy J.; Marra, Kim; Schanke, Robert A. (2005). The Gay and Lesbian Theatrical Legacy. University of Michigan Press. p. 299. ISBN 0-472-09858-6.
  20. ^ a b c "Alla Nazimova Dies at 66". 1945. Archived from the original (JPG) on February 11, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2006.
  21. ^ a b c Lambert, Gavin (1997). Nazimova: A Biography. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-679-40721-9.
  22. ^ Fleming, E.J. (2004). The Fixers – Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling, and the MGM Publicity Machine. McFarland & Company. p. 56. ISBN 0-7864-2027-8.
  23. ^ "Natacha Rambova – Women Film Pioneers Project". wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  24. ^ a b Theophano, Teresa (2002). "Film Actors: Lesbian". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
  25. ^ a b "Bridget Bate Tichenor". bridgetbatetichenor.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  26. ^ Harbin, Billy J.; Marra, Kim; Schanke, Robert A., eds. (2005). The Gay & Lesbian Theatrical Legacy. University of Michigan. p. 297. ISBN 0-472-09858-6. Munson was a member of 'the sewing circle,' a term originated by Alla Nazimova for a clique of lesbians and bisexuals who socialized in Hollywood.
  27. ^ "First Lady Biography – Nancy Reagan". The National First Ladies Library. 2005. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2006. Her godmother was the famous actress Alla Nazimova
  28. ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 34235–34236). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition
  29. ^ Canawati, Alex Monty (August 11, 2013), Return to Babylon, Jennifer Tilly, Maria Conchita Alonso, Tippi Hedren, retrieved November 1, 2017
  30. ^ Kozlov, Vladislav (May 6, 2018), Silent Life, Isabella Rossellini, Franco Nero, Terry Moore, retrieved November 1, 2017
  31. ^ Davis, Peter G. (February 7, 1994). "Radical Sheik". New York: 68–69. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  32. ^ "Look-alike makeups – stars, starlets & actresses – the 1920s – various portrayals". themakeupgallery.info. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  33. ^ BWW News Desk. "Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate Plays Tonight at the Snapple Theater Center". BroadwayWorld.com.
  34. ^ Nazimova Excerpts – Romy Nordlinger from adamjesseburns@gmail.com on Vimeo. vimeo.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  35. ^ "PLACES Solo Show About Alla Nazimova Set for Penthouse One". Broadwayworld.com. September 16, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  36. ^ "Re-creating gay cabaret of '40s; Semi-fictional 'Garden of Allah' delves into Seattle's underground past | The Seattle Times". archive.seattletimes.com. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  37. ^ Heller, Jason (January 20, 2016). "'Medusa's Web' Tangles The Occult And Old Hollywood". Npr.org. Retrieved November 12, 2017.

Further reading

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  • Golden, Eve (2001). Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0834-0.
  • Lewton, Lucy Olga (1988). Alla Nazimova, My Aunt, Tragedienne: A Personal Memoir. Minuteman Press.
  • Smith, Frederick James (September 1918). "Those Nazimova Eyes!" in Picture Play.
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Wikisource has the text of a 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article about Alla Nazimova.
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