The 1952 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 20th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 14–15 June 1952 at Circuit de la Sarthe.
| |||
After 22 years away, Mercedes-Benz returned in triumph, scoring a 1–2 victory with their new gull-wing Mercedes-Benz W194 which was equipped with a 3.0L S6 engine that had less power than the road car sold two years later.
Aston Martin, with their DB3, joined Ferrari, Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, and Cunningham in the top-level sports prototype game, setting the stage for the rivalries that provided so much drama during the rest of the decade.
This race was notable in that Pierre Levegh attempted to drive the entire 24 Hours by himself – and almost won. With just over an hour to go however, the connecting rod of Levegh's car broke, taking it out of the race.
Regulations
editThis year the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) decreed that mudguards now had to be integral with the bodywork, unlike the pre-war style of cycle-type mudguards. This meant cars had proper sports-car bodies and were not just modified grand prix cars. After ongoing issues with the fuel used in the race, the ACO's ‘ternary' fuel was made up of 75% petrol, 15% alcohol and 10% benzole. The minimum replenishment period for fuel, water and oil was extended from 25 laps to 28.[1] The target average lap speeds (i.e. minimum distances per hour) for each class were also increased. Finally, after 19 runs of the event, the prize money (FF 1 500 000) for the race-winner was raised to make it the same as that for the Index of Performance winner[1] – just reflecting the stature that the teams and spectators had always placed on the overall race win.
Entries
editThere was huge interest this year in the race with well over a dozen multi-car works teams, self-built team owners and works-supported private entries. There were less than 20 genuine private entries, well in the minority of the 60 starters and reserves. This year the big news was the return of Mercedes-Benz to La Sarthe after 22 years, and the first entry from the Scuderia Ferrari works team.
Mercedes, led again by their pre-war team manager Alfred Neubauer arrived with a trio of W194 prototypes of what was to become the iconic '300SL' (Sport Leicht). To fit, its new 3.0L S6 engine was tilted at a 50° angle, and tuned down a fraction to 165 bhp for better durability.[2] Along with Neubauer were his pre-war team-drivers Hermann Lang and Karl Kling. Another pre-war Mercedes hero, Rudolf Caracciola might have driven, but had been side-lined by a serious accident that was to end his illustrious career.[2]
Jaguar returned with a strong 3-car team. Having been beaten for speed by the new Ferrari and Mercedes-Benz in the Mille Miglia, the C-types were hurriedly redesigned with a more aerodynamic shell, which unfortunately meant a smaller radiator[3][4] and a relocated header tank. They also presented a strong driver line-up with the previous year's winners Peter Walker with Stirling Moss, and Peter Whitehead with new driver Ian Stewart, as well as Tony Rolt and Duncan Hamilton who had previously driven for Healey.
Aston Martin, after their great success in the 1951 race, arrived with three new DB-3 cars, as well as two privately entered DB-2s, all fitted with the reliable 2.6L S6 engine. Sydney Allard decided to change engines this year, swapping the Cadillac for a Chrysler V8 and the new J2X had new bodywork to comply with the new ACO regulations.[5] This year Donald Healey entered a pair of Nash-engined prototypes, one with a new body for the British drivers, the other with a new engine for his French drivers.[6]
Talbot was the last of the old French manufacturers remaining in the large-engine classes with four privately entered T-26 cars (with strong support from the factory), now with the required new enclosed bodywork. André Chambas had modified his 4.5L engine by adding twin-superchargers which (by using the x1.4 supercharge-equivalence factor) meant his car (#6) had the biggest effective engine capacity and started at the head of the grid.[7] Gordini, having gone their separate ways from Simca, were now powered with their own engines: a smaller team with the standard 1100cc car, and a special 2.3L version for its regular GP drivers, Jean Behra and Robert Manzon, which was very nimble. With the swarm of small-engined Panhards, Renaults and Simcas (as well as a supercharged Peugeot special), the French were the biggest nationality represented with 20 cars, followed by the 18 British cars.[8]
Ferrari was back again in force, with eight entrants including two in a works team, and a trio from Luigi Chinetti's American team. Alongside the previous year's '340 America' 4.1L model was the new '250 Sport' with a 3.0L V12 engine capable of 220 bhp (fresh from beating Mercedes and Jaguar in the Mille Miglia) and one of the smaller 2.7L '225 Sport' that had just taken the top five places at the Monaco Grand Prix (this year a sports-car race) a fortnight earlier. The '250 S' was to be driven by Enzo Ferrari's GP drivers Alberto Ascari and Luigi Villoresi, while the smaller works '225 S' was driven by Tom Cole Jr., latterly with Allard. Even Louis Rosier had jumped from Talbot to a pair of Ferrari 340 Americas. He was entered in one (racing with fellow French F1 racer Maurice Trintignant) and the other for his son.
Lancia's first foray the year before had been a win, and the works team returned with a pair of updated B20 Aurelias to again contest the 2-litre class. Another pre-war veteran, Luigi Fagioli, was to have driven (after scoring a 3rd place in the Mille Miglia) but had been critically injured at the same Monaco GP that Ferrari had won and could not compete.[9] (He died of his wounds less than a week after the Le Mans race.)
Another future Italian stalwart of the race made its debut this year: OSCA had been set up by the three Maserati brothers after selling their namesake company, and arrived with their first sports car, the MT-4. Its 1.3L engine developed 90 bhp, putting it in a competitive contest against the Jowetts and Porsche.
Briggs Cunningham returned with his own cars and regular team-drivers John Fitch and Phil Walters. This year they had two new C-4R roadsters and one with a closed coupé body (C-4RK) designed by renowned pre-war aerodynamicist Wunibald Kamm. Made over 500 kg lighter than the 1951 C-2, they claimed the biggest engines just ahead of the Allards, with the burly 5.4L Chrysler 'Firepower' V8 putting out 320 bhp.[10] Potential works entries from Alfa Romeo (for Juan-Manuel Fangio and José Froilán González) and Pegaso were scratched amid concerns about the cars being able to last the distance.[11]
Practice
editThe remodelled Jaguars soon showed up overheating problems what were to plague them through the race, despite some hasty modifications.[4][8] A Le Mans star of the future, Phil Hill drove one of the Cunninghams in practice, but not in the race.[12]
In the second practice session, Griffith heavily crashed his Aston Martin into the sandbank at Tertre Rouge, but team manager John Wyer managed to swap in the spare car without the officials noticing.[13] Also needing a full rebuild after a practice crash was the new DB coupé.[14] A piston failure during practice forced the scratching one of Louis Rosier's Ferraris.[15] But it was Hermann Lang in the Mercedes which both set the fastest unofficial top speed on the 3 mile Mulsanne Straight, at some 150 mph. And the fastest lap in practice at 4m40s, just a tenth ahead of Ascari's Ferrari,[2] with both fully 20 seconds faster than the ‘official' time of the Cunningham in 1951.
Race
editStart
editAfter the wet race the previous year, this year's race was essentially dry. Leader after the first lap was Phil Walters in the Cunningham coupé,[11] chased by Moss in the Jaguar and the red and blue Ferraris of Ascari and Simon respectively, then the other two Jaguars and "Levegh's" Talbot.[11][16][17] Ascari soon got to the front and between him and Simon they took turnabout lowering Stirling Moss's lap record – eventually setting it six seconds faster than the previous year.
Soon enough though, after just 6 laps, Ascari was in the pits with clutch problems[15][17] – something that would plague the Ferraris through the race. It was worse news at the Jaguar garage. Moss had moved back up to second when Ascari pitted but soon was also pitting, with overheating problems.[4][17] By nightfall all three Jaguars were out of the race in a dramatic change of fortune to the previous year. Two of the Aston Martins had retired with differential issues.[17] Phil Walters had kept the Cunningham coupé in close reach, and after 4 hours handed the car over to his co-driver Duane Carter who promptly planted it into the sandbank at Tertre Rouge on his second lap out.[12] Soon after getting back in the race their engine started playing up with similar problems that had already sidelined John Fitch's car.
Surprising the home crowd, that moved the Gordini of Robert Manzon up behind Simon. Though running a much smaller engine than the cars around it, it was proving very fast. When Simon had to start nursing a slipping clutch, Manzon took the lead in the 3rd hour. Meanwhile, the three Mercedes-Benzes were playing a waiting game, running to Neubauer's strict, conservative pace to preserve the cars and hovering just in the top 10. After several trips to the pits, Vincent stuck the former lead Ferrari into the sandbank at Mulsanne corner, dropping it right down the order.[11] Chinetti's own Ferrari moved up into the top five, while his 3rd car had fallen to clutch problems in the early evening, as had Rosier's car.
Night
editGoing into the night, Manzon and Behra kept their lead, and by midnight were a lap ahead of "Levegh" in his Talbot. However just before half-time one of the Gordini's brakedrums jammed and despite repairs the team considered too dangerous to risk continuing.[11][18][19] This left "Levegh" sitting four laps ahead of the two Mercedes-Benzes of Helfrich / Niedermeyer and Lang / Riess, followed by the Macklin / Collins Aston Martin. But it was not an easy lead – he had already decided to drive right through on his own; the engine had developed a vibration and he did not want to risk his co-driver, René Marchand, with a breakdown.[20] The leading Mercedes had retired during the night with a broken alternator[21][22] and Luigi Chinetti's Ferrari had been disqualified for refuelling a lap ahead of its prescribed time, leaving just the Simon / Vincent Ferrari in the race gradually making back ground.[8][23] After successive second places in the previous years, luck ran out for Mairesse / Meyrat when their (aging) Talbot's oil pump expired around half-time. Meanwhile, in the S2.0 class, the Lancias had been running 1-2 for most of the race ahead of the Frazer-Nash's
Morning
editDawn was masked by a heavy fog, which got so thick the Mercedes drivers had to open their gull-wing doors to be able to see.[11] It also caused Alexis Constantin to crash and roll his supercharged Peugeot at Tertre Rouge barely missing Jack Fairman's Allard. The other Allard had an equally hairy moment soon after when Arkus-Duntov found himself with no brakes at the end of the Mulsanne straight taking to the escape road, scattering spectators and gendarmes and narrowly avoiding parked cars.[5][21] As the sun rose, Neubauer instructed his drivers to finally pick up the pace, but it was too late, the lead was too great. "Levegh" had driven through the night and still held a good lead. Near noon a damaged wheel cost Helfrich time and dropped his car to third.[1] Macklin and Collins kept their Aston Martin at a steady pace in fourth. Late in the morning the leading Frazer-Nash of "Dickie" Stoop / Peter Wilson broke a halfshaft and retired, leaving the Lancias comfortably in front.[9] Also retired at this time was the larger-engined Porsche, leading the S1500 class in a close tussle with the OSCA, running 14th and 15th overall respectively. It had come in to refuel and left the engine running in case it stalled permanently. That was against the safety rules and the officials disqualified the car.[24] But the OSCA was no more fortunate: soon afterward, just coming out of Arnage, the clutch broke. Lacour got out and pushed the car the 3 km back to the pits only to be told by his pitcrew that the damage was terminal.[25]
Finish and post-race
editThe race was quietly running down to its conclusion, with the home crowd looking forward to a second French victory in four years. But then suddenly, with just over an hour to go, the connecting rod of "Levegh's" Talbot broke, causing it to come to a halt at Maison Blanche about a mile from the pits. Driving without a working rev-counter, it is uncertain whether either the engine issues finally broke it, or through sheer exhaustion, he missed a gear-change and over-revved the engine catastrophically.[8][26][27] But such was his lead it still took 20 minutes for the second-placed Mercedes-Benz to get ahead on distance. A final twist saw the Aston Martin retire, moving the Nash-Healey of Johnson/Wisdom up to 3rd ahead of Briggs Cunningham's own car and the recovering Ferrari of Simon / Vincent. Like many, Cunningham had been nursing a slipping clutch through most of the race, driving for 20 hours himself gradually moving up the order.[12]
So Mercedes-Benz were as surprised as anyone to have the 1-2 victory. This was the first win for a closed-body car, and for a German manufacturer.[22] Although the weather had been good, it was a torrid race with a record 40 retirements from the 57 starters. The lone Ferrari had fought back into the top ten during the morning, and after the late-race retirements made it up to 5th. The privateer team of Clark and Keen was the only Aston Martin to finish this year (in 5th) and the only Talbot to finish was Chambas' supercharged special in 9th.
For the third year in a row, Pierre Hémard won the Index of Performance (although this year his co-driver was Eugène Dossous) in the little Monopole-Panhard.[1] just ahead of the two Mercedes-Benz coupés. They also won the Biennial Cup and romped home in their S750 class fully 13 laps ahead of the closest Renault.[28] Jowett also won its class, the S1500, for the third successive year, by outlasting the much faster but more fragile opposition.[8][29]
The Lancias barely missed a beat getting a successive class win. The lead car of Bonetto / Anselmi was delayed around lunchtime, giving the lead to the sister car which it held to the end, with the team finishing 6th and 8th overall, well ahead (>20 laps) of the surviving Frazer-Nash rival in 10th which had been gingerly lapping for the last 3 hours with a loose wheel-mounting on the front right.[12] Porsche repeated its S1100 class victory from the previous year, and by the same drivers as 1951: Paris Porsche agent, ‘Toto' Veuillet and Edmond Mouche. The last finisher in the race was a little Renault 4CV driven by Le Mans debutante, Jean Rédélé who, at 30 years old, was France's youngest Renault dealer. After a short racing career he would go on to found a significant new car company with Renault rear-mounted engines: Alpine.[30]
So a very strong, varied field had promised a competitive race and the speed and excitement with the dramatic last-hour twist delivered, firmly cementing Le Mans' place as the most important Sports Car race on the motorsport calendar. Mercedes-Benz went on to win at the Nürburgring and a 1-2-3 in the Carrera Panamericana.[22] Gordini had its biggest success two weeks after Le Mans in Formula 2, when Jean Behra beat the Ferrari 500s in the final Grand Prix de la Marne[19]
Official results
edit| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Engine | Laps |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | S 3.0 |
21 | Mercedes-Benz W194 | Mercedes-Benz 3.0L S6 | 277 | ||
| 2 | S 3.0 |
20 | Mercedes-Benz W194 | Mercedes-Benz 3.0L S6 | 276 | ||
| 3 | S 5.0 |
10 | Nash-Healey 4 Litre | Nash 4.1L S6 | 262 | ||
| 4 | S 8.0 |
1 | Cunningham C-4R | Chrysler 5.4L V8 | 252 | ||
| 5 | S 5.0 |
14 | Ferrari 340 America (Vignale) | Ferrari 4.1L V12 | 250 | ||
| 6 | S 2.0 |
39 | Lancia Aurelia B.20 GT | Lancia 1991cc V6 | 248 | ||
| 7 | S 3.0 |
32 | (private entrant) |
Aston Martin DB2 | Aston Martin 2.6L S6 | 248 | |
| 8 | S 2.0 |
40 | Lancia Aurelia B.20 GT | Lancia 1991cc V6 | 247 | ||
| 9 | S 8.0 |
6 | (private entrant) |
Talbot-Lago T26 SS Spyder | Talbot-Lago 4.5L S6 supercharged |
235 | |
| 10 | S 2.0 |
42 | (private entrant) |
Frazer Nash Le Mans Mk.II | Bristol 1970cc S6 | 225 | |
| 11 | S 1.1 |
50 | Porsche 356 SL | Porsche 1086cc F4 | 220 | ||
| 12 | S 1.1 |
52 | Monopole Dyna X86 Coupe | Panhard 851cc F2 | 217 | ||
| 13 | S 1.5 |
45 | (private entrant) |
Jowett Jupiter R1 | Jowett 1486cc F4 | 210 | |
| 14 | S 750 |
60 | Monopole X84 | Panhard 612cc F2 | 208 | ||
| 15 | S 750 |
68 (Reserve) |
Renault 4CV-1063 | Renault 747cc S4 | 195 | ||
| 16 | S 750 |
61 | (private entrant) |
Panhard Dyna X84 Sport | Panhard 611cc F2 | 186 | |
| 17 | S 750 |
67 (Reserve) |
Renault 4CV-1063 | Renault 747cc S4 | 178 |
Did not finish
edit| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Engine | Laps | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | S 5.0 |
8 | (private entrant) |
Talbot-Lago T26 GS Spyder | Talbot-Lago 4.5L S6 | - | Engine (24hr) | |
| 19 | S 3.0 |
25 | Aston Martin DB3 Spyder | Aston Martin 2.6L S6 | - | Accident (22hr) | ||
| 20 | S 5.0 |
65 (Reserve) |
(private entrant) |
Talbot-Lago T26 GS Spyder | Talbot-Lago 4.5L S6 | - | Accident (22hr) | |
| 21 | S 1.5 |
48 | O.S.C.A. MT-4 Coupé (Vignale) | O.S.C.A. 1342cc S4 | - | Clutch (19hr) | ||
| 22 | S 2.0 |
41 | Frazer Nash Mille Miglia | Bristol 1979cc S6 | - | Transmission (19hr) | ||
| 23 | S 1.5 |
47 | (private entrant) |
Porsche 356 SL | Porsche 1484cc F4 | - | Disqualified (19hr) pit infringement | |
| 24 | S 1.5 |
46 | Jowett Jupiter R1 | Jowett 1486cc F4 | - | engine (17hr) | ||
| 25 | S 750 |
56 | (private entrant) |
Renault 4CV-1063 | Renault 747cc S4 | - | ignition (17hr) | |
| 26 | S 3.0 |
31 | (private entrant) |
Aston Martin DB2 | Aston Martin 2.6L S6 | - | starter (16hr) | |
| 27 | S 8.0 |
5 | Allard J2X Le Mans | Chrysler 5.4L V8 | - | transmission (15hr) | ||
| 28 | S 8.0 |
4 | Allard J2X Le Mans | Chrysler 5.4L V8 | - | engine (15hr) | ||
| 29 | S 2.0 |
43 | (private entrant) |
Peugeot 203C | Peugeot 1290cc S4 supercharged |
- | accident (15hr) | |
| 30 | S 5.0 |
12 | Ferrari 340 America | Ferrari 4.1L V12 | - | Disqualified (13hr) early refuel | ||
| 31 | S 3.0 |
34 | Gordini T15S | Gordini 2.3L S6 | - | brakes / engine (13hr) | ||
| 32 | S 5.0 |
9 | (private entrant) |
Talbot-Lago T26 GS Spyder | Talbot-Lago 4.5L S6 | - | oil pump (13hr) | |
| 33 | S 3.0 |
33 | (private entrant) |
Ferrari 212 MM | Ferrari 2.6L V12 | - | electrics (12hr) | |
| 34 | S 750 |
59 | Monopole X84 | Panhard 612cc F2 | - | engine (12hr) | ||
| 35 | S 3.0 |
30 | Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta | Ferrari 2.7L V12 | - | electrics (11hr) | ||
| 36 | S 1.5 |
64 (Reserve) |
(private entrant) |
Jowett Jupiter R1 | Jowett 1486cc F4 | - | engine (9hr) | |
| 37 | S 3.0 |
22 | Mercedes-Benz W194 | Mercedes-Benz 3.0L S6 | - | electrics (9hr) | ||
| 38 | S 8.0 |
2 | Cunningham C-4RK | Chrysler 5.4L V8 | - | engine (8hr) | ||
| 39 | S 750 |
54 | Renault 4CV-1063 | Renault 747cc S4 | - | accident (6hr) | ||
| 40 | S 1.1 |
51 | Porsche 356 SL | Porsche 1086cc F4 | - | transmission (6hr) | ||
| 41 | S 8.0 |
3 | Cunningham C-4R | Chrysler 5.4L V8 | - | engine (6hr) | ||
| 42 | S 5.0 |
15 | Ferrari 340 America Spyder | Ferrari 4.1L V12 | - | clutch (6hr) | ||
| 43 | S 750 |
58 | DB Coach | Panhard 745cc F2 | - | out of fuel (5hr) | ||
| 44 | S 1.5 |
44 | Gordini T15S | Gordini 1490cc S4 | - | clutch (5hr) | ||
| 45 | S 5.0 |
16 | Ferrari 340 America Spyder | Ferrari 4.1L V12 | - | clutch (5hr) | ||
| 46 | S 5.0 |
18 | Jaguar C-Type | Jaguar 3.5L S6 | - | engine (4hr) | ||
| 47 | S 750 |
57 | DB Sport | Panhard 745cc F2 | - | transmission (4hr) | ||
| 48 | S 3.0 |
26 | Aston Martin DB3 Spyder | Aston Martin 2.6L S6 | - | water pump (3hr) | ||
| 49 | S 3.0 |
35 | (private entrant) |
Morgan Plus 4 | Standard 2.1L S4 | - | water pump (3hr) | |
| 50 | S 5.0 |
11 | Nash-Healey | Nash 4.1L S6 | - | engine (3hr) | ||
| 51 | S 750 |
53 | Renault 4CV-1063 | Renault 747cc S4 | - | transmission (3hr) | ||
| 52 | S 3.0 |
62 | Ferrari 250 S Berlinetta | Ferrari 3.0L V12 | - | clutch (3hr) | ||
| 53 | S 5.0 |
17 | Jaguar C-Type | Jaguar 3.5L S6 | - | engine (2hr) | ||
| 54 | S 5.0 |
19 | Jaguar C-Type | Jaguar 3.5L S6 | - | engine (2hr) | ||
| 55 | S 750 |
55 | (private entrant) |
Renault 4CV-1063 | Renault 747cc S4 | - | engine (2hr) | |
| 56 | S 3.0 |
27 | Aston Martin DB3 Coupe | Aston Martin 2.6L S6 | - | transmission (2hr) | ||
| 57 | S 1.1 |
49 | Gordini T11 MM | Simca 1091cc S4 | - | fuel pump (2hr) | ||
| 58 | S 5.0 |
7 | Ferrari 340 America | Ferrari 4.1L V12 | 0 | engine Did not start |
18th Rudge-Whitworth Biennial Cup (1951/1952)
edit| Pos | Class | No | Team | Drivers | Chassis | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | S 750 |
60 | Monopole X84 | 1.295 | ||
| 2 | S 5.0 |
10 | Nash-Healey 4 Litre | 1.178 | ||
| 3 | S 1.1 |
50 | Porsche 356 SL | 1.170 | ||
| 4 | S 750 |
61 | (private entrant) |
Panhard Dyna X84 Sport | 1.160 | |
| 5 | S 3.0 |
32 | (private entrant) |
Aston Martin DB2 | 1.157 | |
| 6 | S 5.0 |
14 | Ferrari 340 America (Vignale) | 1.121 | ||
| 7 | S 2.0 |
42 | (private entrant) |
Frazer Nash Le Mans Mk.II | 1.079 | |
| 8 | S 8.0 |
6 | (private entrant) |
Talbot-Lago T26 SS Spyder | 1.052 | |
| 9 | S 1.5 |
45 | (private entrant) |
Jowett Jupiter R1 | 1.051 |
Statistics
edit- Fastest Lap in practice – Hermann Lang, #21 Mercedes-Benz W194 – 4m 40.0s; 173.40 kp/h (107.7 mph)
- Fastest Lap – Alberto Ascari, #62 Ferrari 250 S– 4m 40.5s; 173.16 kp/h (107.6 mph)
- Distance – 3733.8 km (2320.2 miles)
- Winner's Average Speed – 155.58 km/h (96.7 mph)
- Attendance – est. 400 000 (start), 200 000 during the race[11]
Trophy winners
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d Spurring 2011, p.121
- ^ a b c Spurring 2011, p.123
- ^ Clarke 1997, p.71
- ^ a b c Spurring 2011, p.126
- ^ a b Spurring 2011, p.138
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.127
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.119 picture
- ^ a b c d e Clausager 1982, p.84
- ^ a b Spurring 2011, p.130
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.132
- ^ a b c d e f g Spurring 2011, p.120
- ^ a b c d Spurring 2011, p.133
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.140
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.135
- ^ a b Spurring 2011, p.136
- ^ Pomeroy & Walkerley 1953, p.144
- ^ a b c d Clarke 1997, p.60
- ^ Clarke 1997, p.63
- ^ a b Spurring 2011, p.128
- ^ a b Spurring 2011, p.125
- ^ a b Clarke 1997, p.62
- ^ a b c Spurring 2011, p.124
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.137
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.134
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.139
- ^ Moity 1974, p.48
- ^ Laban 2001, p.111
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.129
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.142
- ^ Spurring 2011, p.143
- ^ Moity 1974, p.47
References
edit- Spurring, Quentin (2011) Le Mans 1949-59 Sherborne, Dorset: Evro Publishing ISBN 978-1-84425-537-5
- Clarke, R.M. - editor (1997) Le Mans 'The Jaguar Years 1949-1957' Cobham, Surrey: Brooklands Books ISBN 1-85520-357X
- Clausager, Anders (1982) Le Mans London: Arthur Barker Ltd ISBN 0-213-16846-4
- Laban, Brian (2001) Le Mans 24 Hours London: Virgin Books ISBN 1-85227-971-0
- Moity, Christian (1974) The Le Mans 24 Hour Race 1949-1973 Radnor, Pennsylvania: Chilton Book Co ISBN 0-8019-6290-0
- Pomeroy, L. & Walkerley, R. - editors (1953) The Motor Year Book 1953 Bath: The Pitman Press
External links
edit- Racing Sports Cars – Le Mans 24 Hours 1952 entries, results, technical detail. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- XX Grand Prix d'Endurance les 24 Heures du Mans 1952, www.formula2.net, as archived at web.archive.org