Draft:Original research/Gases
A gas has the characteristic of being a substance which expands freely to fill any space.
Its atoms or molecules remain independent subject to temperature or pressure.
The gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states,[1] the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases[2] or Bose–Einstein condensate.[3]
Theoretical gases
[edit | edit source]Def. any "matter that can be contained only if it is fully surrounded by a solid (or in a bubble of liquid) (or held together by gravitational pull)"[4] is called a gas.
The ideal gas laws describe a theoretical gas.
Def. relating "to, or existing as, gas"[5] is called gaseous.
Def. the "gaseous state of a substance that is normally a solid or liquid"[6] is called a vapor.
Intermolecular forces
[edit | edit source]Intermolecular forces that result from electrostatic interactions between gas particles: (1) like-charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract one another; (2) gaseous compounds with polar covalent bonds contain permanent charge imbalances and so experience relatively strong intermolecular forces, although the molecule while the compound's net charge remains neutral; (3) transient, randomly induced charges exist across non-polar covalent bonds of molecules and electrostatic interactions caused by them are Van der Waals forces vary within a substance to determine many of the physical properties unique to each gas.[7][8] A comparison of boiling points for compounds formed by ionic and covalent bonds leads to this conclusion.[9]
Inert gases
[edit | edit source]Def. a "gas which does not undergo chemical reactions"[10] is called an inert gas.
Noble gases
[edit | edit source]Def. any "of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table, being monatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert"[11] is called a noble gas.
Def. any "monatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert"[11] gas is called a noble gas.
Gaseous objects
[edit | edit source]Hydrogens
[edit | edit source]Heliums
[edit | edit source]Lithiums
[edit | edit source]Nitrogens
[edit | edit source]Oxygens
[edit | edit source]Fluorines
[edit | edit source]Neons
[edit | edit source]Chlorines
[edit | edit source]Argons
[edit | edit source]Kryptons
[edit | edit source]Xenons
[edit | edit source]Mercuries
[edit | edit source]Radons
[edit | edit source]Natural gases
[edit | edit source]"Natural gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While natural gas is formed primarily of methane, it can also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. The composition of natural gas can vary widely [below is a] typical makeup of natural gas before it is refined."[12]
| Molecules | Formula | Molecular percents |
|---|---|---|
| Methane | CH4 | 70-90 % |
| Ethane | C2H6 | 0-20 % |
| Propane | C3H8 | 0-20 % |
| Butane | C10H10 | 0-20 % |
| Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 0-8 % |
| Oxygen | O2 | 0-0.2 % |
| Nitrogen | N2 | 0-5 % |
| Hydrogen sulphide | H2S | 0-5 % |
| Rare gases | Ar, He, Ne, Xe | trace |
Volcanic gases
[edit | edit source]
Water vapour is consistently the most common volcanic gas, normally comprising more than 60% of total emissions. Carbon dioxide typically accounts for 10 to 40% of emissions.[13]
Volcanoes located at convergent plate boundaries emit more water vapor and chlorine, higher H2O/H2, H2O/CO2, CO2/He and N2/He ratios than volcanoes at geologic hot spots or divergent plate boundaries per the addition of seawater into magmas formed at subduction zones.[13]
In volcanoes with an open path to the surface, e.g. Stromboli in Italy, bubbles may reach the surface and as they pop small explosions occur, where the gas can flow rapidly through the continuous permeable network towards the surface, which explains activity at Santiaguito, Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala[14] and Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat.[15]
Volcanic gases were directly responsible for approximately 3% of all volcano-related deaths of humans between 1900 and 1986.[13]
The greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, is emitted from volcanoes, accounting for nearly 1% of the annual global total.[16]
Some volcanic gases including sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride react with other atmospheric particles to form aerosols.[13]
Technology
[edit | edit source]"Turbines have been around for a long time—windmills and water wheels are early examples. The name comes from the Latin turbo, meaning vortex, and thus the defining property of a turbine is that a fluid or gas turns the blades of a rotor, which is attached to a shaft that can perform useful work."[17]
A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area or volume.
The combination of nanotechnology and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology allows the production of a hydrogen microsensor that functions properly at room temperature. One type of MEMS-based hydrogen sensor is coated with a film consisting of nanostructured [indium(III)] indium oxide (In2O3) and tin oxide (SnO2).[18] A typical configuration for mechanical Pd-based hydrogen sensors is the usage of a free-standing cantilever that is coated with Pd.[19][20] In the presence of H2, the Pd layer expands and thereby induces a stress that causes the cantilever to bend. Pd-coated nano-mechanical resonators have also been reported in literature, relying on the stress-induced mechanical resonance frequency shift caused by the presence of H2 gas. In this case, the response speed was enhanced through the use of a very thin layer of Pd (20 nm). Moderate heating was presented as a solution to the response impairment observed in humid conditions.[21]
"Care for the environment is becoming more and more of an issue in business today, also in the transport sector and liquid methane gas is a good alternative for diesel fuel."[22]
"Liquid methane gas and diesel fuel are used in combination. When the liquid methane gas and the diesel fuel are mixed in a proportion of 75-25 a truck can run 500 to 1000 km. depending on the driving circumstances."[22]
"The use of the liquid gas depends on economies that are made by using it. The gas is cheaper. One kilo (liquid methane is expressed in kilos) costs less than one litre of diesel and contains 35% more energy. A truck running on it, is far more expensive though. A normal truck costs 100.000 Euro, a truck running on liquid gas, 35.000 Euro more. And also the refuelling possibilities are restricted. Some more facilities are planned though."[22]
"Rocket engines aren't exactly synonymous with liquid methane, but NASA's latest project shows just what this natural gas is capable of -- produces 7,500-pound thrust in this case. Best of all, "you don't have to put on a HAZMAT suit to handle it like fuels used on many space vehicles.""[23]
See also
[edit | edit source]- Agriculture (Middle Bronze Age) (15 kB) (13 September 2019)
- Atmospheric sciences (39 kB) (18 October 2019)
- Balloons for astronomy (24 kB) (6 June 2019)
- Callisto (45 kB) (2 July 2019)
- Ceres (31 kB) (23 June 2019)
- Charge ontology (37 kB) (25 June 2019)
- Charges (25 kB) (9 April 2019)
- Chemicals (189 kB) (13 September 2019)
- Chemistry (17 kB) (23 May 2019)
- Comets (36 kB) (23 June 2019)
- Compositions across disciplines (15 kB) (13 September 2019)
- Dione (17 kB) (22 May 2019)
- Electrochemical capacitors (16 kB) (25 May 2019)
- Enceladus (39 kB) (4 October 2019)
- Gaseous objects/Astronomy
- Gaseous objects
- Gases (23 kB) (27 October 2019)
- Ice cores (Calabrian) (100 kB)
- Io (36 kB) (24 June 2019)
- Liquids (37 kB) (12 August 2019)
- Mems capacitors (30 kB) (25 May 2019)
- Minerals
- Mining geology (24 kB) (16 August 2019)
- Moon (105 kB) (17 May 2019)
- Natural electric field of the Earth (27 kB) (23 June 2019)
- Planets (127 kB) (2 October 2019)
- Plasmas (13 kB) (2 July 2019)
- Pluto (18 kB) (25 July 2019)
- Rocks (65 kB) (26 January 2019)
- Solids (13 kB) (19 September 2019)
- Titan (48 kB) (18 May 2019)
- Venus (87 kB) (17 May 2019)
- Vesta (35 kB) (20 June 2019)
- Volcanoes (95 kB) (19 September 2019)
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ This early 20th century discussion infers what is regarded as the plasma state. See page 137 of American Chemical Society, Faraday Society, Chemical Society (Great Britain) The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Volume 11 Cornell (1907).
- ↑ Tanya Zelevinsky (2009). "84Sr—just right for forming a Bose-Einstein condensate". Physics 2: 94. doi:10.1103/physics.2.94. http://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/94.
- ↑ Quantum Gas Microscope Offers Glimpse Of Quirky Ultracold Atoms. ScienceDaily. 4 November 2009.
- ↑ gas. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 16 April 2015. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gas. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ↑ gaseous. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 29 September 2013. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaseous. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ↑ SemperBlotto (5 February 2005). "vapor". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ↑ Cornell (1907) pp. 164–5.
- ↑ Michael Faraday, 1833, see page 45 of John Tyndall's Faraday as a Discoverer (1868).
- ↑ John S. Hutchinson (2008). Concept Development Studies in Chemistry. p. 67. http://cnx.org/content/col10264/latest/.
- ↑ inert gas. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 5 October 2014. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inert_gas. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 noble gas. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 19 September 2013. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noble_gas. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ↑ natgas (20 September 2013). Background. NaturalGas. http://naturalgas.org/overview/background/. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 H. Sigurdsson et al. (2000) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, San Diego, Academic Press
- ↑ Holland et al. (2011), Degassing processes during lava dome growth: Insights from Santiaguito lava dome, Guatemala, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research vol. 202 p153-166
- ↑ Hautmann et al. (2014), Strain field analysis on Montserrat (W.I.) as a tool for assessing permeable flow paths in the magmatic system of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems vol. 15 p676-690
- ↑ Royal Society Climate Change Controversies, London, June 2007
- ↑ Lee S. Langston (July-August 2013). "The Adaptable Gas Turbine". American Scientist. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2013/4/the-adaptable-gas-turbine. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ↑ Gustavo Alverio. A Nanoparticle-based Hydrogen Microsensor. University of Central Florida. http://nsfreunano.research.ucf.edu/YearBook/Titans/2004/alvero.html. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ↑ D.R. Baselt. "Design and performance of a microcantilever-based hydrogen sensor". Sensors and Actuators B.
- ↑ Sumio Okuyama. Hydrogen Gas Sensing Using a Pd-Coated Cantilever. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. http://jjap.jsap.jp/link?JJAP/39/3584/. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ↑ Jonas Henriksson. "Ultra-low power hydrogen sensing based on a palladium-coated nanomechanical beam resonator". Nanoscale Journal.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 holander (7 September 2012). Liquid methane gas alternative for diesel fuel. The Netherlands: holander.nl. http://www.freshplaza.com/article/99882/Liquid-methane-gas-alternative-for-diesel-fuel. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ↑ NASA (19 July 2008). Liquid Methane-Powered Rocket Engine. TecheBlog. http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/feature-innovative-nasa-technologies. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
External links
[edit | edit source]
Learn more about Gases |
