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Contiguous United States routes flown by trunk carriers in 1953. The key to the map is in the lower left hand corner

Trunk carriers or trunk airlines or trunklines or trunks, were the US scheduled airlines certificated in the period 1939–1941 by the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) or its immediate successor, the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) after the passage of the 1938 Civil Aeronautics Act on the basis of grandfathering: those carriers that were able to show they performed scheduled service prior to the passage of the Act. During the regulated period (1938–1978) these carriers were an especially protected class, with the CAB regulating the industry in many respects in the interests of these companies, a form of regulatory capture. The importance of these carriers is reflected is shown that in 2024, the three largest airlines in the United States, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines were among the carriers certificated through this grandfathering in 1939.

The CAB tightly regulated the industry and categorized airlines by function, the name of the trunk carriers reflected their role, the airlines that flew the main domestic (or trunk) routes. By contrast, a later group of CAB-regulated domestic carriers, first certificated in a five-year period after World War II, were known as local service carriers or feeder carriers, again names reflecting their purpose within the CAB-regulated industry.

History

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Grandfathering

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The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 established a tight regulatory regime for the US airline industry. Airlines were required to be certificated by the Civil Aeronautics Authority (after 1940, this function was inherited by the Civil Aeronautics Board). However, carriers that could show they had engaged in bona fide airline service prior to passage of the 1938 Act were entitled to be grandfathered.[1]

Table 1: Grandfather certificate applications under 1938 Civil Aeronautics Act and 1948 ASMs(1) for resulting trunk carriers
Applicant name Final name Disposition Appl. decision date 1948 ASMs (mm)[2][3]
Airline Feeder System[4] Application rejected 9 June 1939
American Airlines[5] American Airlines Still extant 2024 9 May 1939 2,241.88
Boston-Maine Airways[6] Northeast Airlines Merged into Delta 1972 31 May 1939 108.47
Braniff Airways[7] Braniff International Airways Collapsed 1982 18 July 1939 357.72
Canadian Colonial Airways[8] Colonial Airlines Merged into Eastern 1956 9 January 1940 94.56
Chicago and Southern Air Lines[9] Chicago and Southern Air Lines Merged into Delta 1953 17 March 1939 215.88
Condor Air Lines[10] Application rejected 8 March 1940
Continental Air Lines[11] Continental Airlines Merged into United 2012 9 March 1939 116.44
Delta Air Lines[12] Delta Air Lines Still extant 2024 25 February 1939 351.65
Eastern Air Lines[13] Eastern Air Lines Collapsed 1991 9 June 1939 1,678.47
Inland Air Lines[14] Inland Air Lines Merged into Western 1952 28 March 1939 45.53
Marquette Airlines[15] Marquette Airlines Merged into TWA 1940 19 July 1939
Mayflower Airlines[16] Mayflower Airlines Merged into Northeast 1944 31 July 1940
Mid-Continent Airlines[17] Mid-Continent Airlines Merged into Braniff 1952 7 March 1939 159.48
National Airlines[18] National Airlines Merged into Pan Am 1980 14 March 1939 256.30
Northwest Airlines[19] Northwest Airlines Merged into Delta 2010 14 March 1939 683.32
Pennsylvania-Central Airlines[20] Capital Airlines Merged into United 1961 21 April 1939 562.54
Railway Express Agency[21] Application rejected 13 March 1941
Transcontinental & Western Air[22] (TWA) Trans World Airlines (TWA) Merged into American 2001 16 June 1939 1,907.16
Tri-State Aviation[23] Tri-State Aviation Certification revoked 1943 31 July 1940
United Air Lines[24] United Airlines Still extant 2024 22 May 1939 1,843.73
Western Air Express[25] Western Airlines Merged into Delta 1987 7 April 1939 195.95
Wilmington-Catalina Airline[26] Catalina Air Transport Ceased operation 1942 13 October 1939
(1) ASM = Available seat mile: one passenger seat, available for sale, flown one mile. A flight with 150 seats flown 2000 miles generates 150×2000 = 300,000 ASMs

Unsuccessful grandfather applicants

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Between 1939 and 1941, the CAA/CAB considered 23 grandfather applications by US domestic airlines, as reflected in the CAA/CAB Reports in which CAA/CAB decisions were recorded.[27][28] Of these applicants, three were denied. Two of these, Airline Feeder System (an east coast airline)[29] and Condor Air Lines (in the San Francisco Bay Area)[10] were denied on the basis of service interruptions and financial weakness. Another applicant, Railway Express Agency, was not an operating airline, but rather a freight forwarder who worked with airlines, and the CAB saw no reason it should be certificated.[21]

Unexploited or short-lived grandfather certifications

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Two grandfather applicants received certification but failed to launch certificated service:

  • Mayflower Airlines was a Massachusetts-based airline that had flown to Cape Cod, Martha’s Vinyard and Nantucket prior to passage of the Act. However, Mayflower never flew while certificated and in 1944, the CAB approved the merger of the airline into Northeast, effectively transferring Mayflower’s route authority to Northeast.[30]
  • Tri-State Aviation was certificated for freight-only operations in Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Before it could start operation, the carrier was sold. The new owner continued to delay the start of operations several times until the CAB revoked the carrier’s certification in 1943.[31]

Two grandfathered carriers had brief existences as certificated carriers.

Main article: Marquette Airlines

Marquette Airlines was certificated to fly from St Louis to Detroit but outsourced its operation to TWA (which at that time stood for Transcontinental & Western Air) in August 1940, and then sold out completely to TWA in December.[32]

Main article: Wilmington-Catalina Airline

Wilmington-Catalina Airline was founded by the Wrigley family in 1931 and flew two small amphibious aircraft from the Port of Los Angeles to Santa Catalina Island. 1941 plans for expansion using land-based aircraft were ended by the start of World War II, which forced the airline to cease operation in 1942. The company never resumed airline operations of its own, though it contracted with United Air Lines to operate on its behalf 1946–1954.

Protected class

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The 16 grandfathered carriers that continued to operate were the trunk carriers or trunk airlines or trunk lines or trunks.[33][34] Note the category encompassed airlines that were originally strikingly different in size. In 1948, American was well over 20 times the size of Colonial by ASMs, as Table 1 shows.

As Table 1 also shows, six (Capital, Chicago & Southern, Colonial, Inland, Mid-Continent, Northeast) of the 16 trunk carriers merged out of existence during the regulated period, 1938–1978, leaving 10 trunks as US airline deregulation dawned in 1979: American, Braniff, Continental, Delta, Eastern, National, Northwest, TWA, United and Western.

The CAB saw the trunks as a special category of airline to be particularly protected:

  • Until shortly before deregulation, the CAB did not authorize a single airline to compete with trunklines on an equal basis.[35]
  • Once the trunk airlines were certificated, the CAB’s view was their number comprised a sufficient number of airlines, no others were needed.[36]
  • When the local service carriers (or “feeder airlines”) were created to bring air service into small cities, the CAB took particular care to ensure they did not compete with the trunk carriers, seeing itself as having an obligation to the trunks to protect them from competition.[37]

Over time, local service carriers did come to compete with trunk carriers to a degree. In permitting local service carriers to enter some trunk routes, the CAB was motivated in significant part by a desire to reduce government subsidy paid to local service carriers, a process known as “route strengthening.”[38]

Further, some local service carrier routes were assigned to trunks. For instance, in 1950, some of the routes originally awarded to Parks Air Lines, a local service carrier, were handed to Mid-Continent Airlines, a trunk airline, after Parks failed to start operation in a timely manner.[39] And in 1955, the CAB also permitted a merger between a trunk airline and a local service carrier, when Continental Air Lines bought Pioneer Air Lines.[40] So the division between local service carriers and trunks was far from absolute.

However, as Table 2 below shows, the distinction between trunk airline and local service airline remained meaningful even in 1978, the last year of the regulated era. Relative to local service carriers, even the smallest trunk airlines flew substantially greater seat-miles and distances and with substantially larger aircraft.

Domestic as of 1938

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It’s worth considering what airlines were not trunks. What mattered was flying domestic routes in 1938, where “domestic” was the continental United States, since until 1959, Hawaii and Alaska were territories, not states. Pan Am was not a trunk carrier, because as of 1938 it did not fly domestic service. A number of other carriers were certificated to fly routes outside the continental United States by the CAB, such as Panagra and Trans Caribbean, none of these counted as trunks either.

Similarly, there were carriers certificated as, originally, territorial carriers, such as Hawaiian Airlines and Caribair in Puerto Rico.[2]

Table 2: 1978 CAB-regulated trunk and local service carriers, including revenues and select statistics
Airline[41] Airline type[41] Op rev(1)[42][43] Sched ASMs (bn)(2)[44] Avg Seats/ Mile(3)[44] Stage length (mi)(4)[44]
American Airlines trunk 2,736.4 45.49 154.2 799.8
Braniff Airways trunk 966.5 17.84 138.5 583.1
Continental Air Lines trunk 772.0 14.53 155.2 618.5
Delta Air Lines trunk 2,241.6 37.55 151.5 457.9
Eastern Air Lines trunk 2,379.6 39.06 135.5 509.1
National Airlines trunk 636.4 13.83 174.1 694.5
Northwest Airlines trunk 794.4 14.30 226.2 667.2
Trans World Airlines trunk 2,474.7 42.65 165.0 897.1
United Air Lines trunk 3,523.4 61.94 161.2 694.8
Western Air Lines trunk 834.5 15.76 147.9 645.6
Allegheny Airlines local svc 566.8 6.72 90.4 242.5
Frontier Airlines local svc 287.2 3.77 81.6 230.2
Hughes Air Corp dba Hughes Airwest local svc 313.2 4.18 94.6 282.0
North Central Airlines local svc 298.5 3.09 90.0 147.6
Ozark Air Lines local svc 229.7 2.70 87.3 195.9
Piedmont Airlines local svc 205.6 2.62 85.7 180.7
Southern Airways local svc 188.5 2.45 76.0 206.5
Texas International Airlines local svc 181.7 2.60 90.8 304.5
(1) USD mm (2) Available Seat Miles: an ASM is one seat available for sale flown one mile (3) Average seats per flight weighted by miles flown (4) Average flight distance

Legacy

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Thirteen of the original 19 passenger grandfather certificates from the 1938 Act are still represented in the industry as of 2024.

Six of the grandfather certificates were merged into Delta over time (as well as Delta's own grandfather certificate):

Two of the grandfather certificates were merged into American over time (as well as American's own grandfather certificate):

Two of the grandfather certificates were merged into United over time (as well as United's own grandfather certificate):

References

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  1. ^ Caves, Richard E. (1962). Air Transport and its Regulators. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 12. LCCN 62017216.
  2. ^ a b "Scheduled Air Carrier Operations". Civil Aeronautics Journal. 10 (3). Civil Aeronautics Administration: 32. March 15, 1949. hdl:2027/osu.32437011223969.
  3. ^ "Scheduled Air Carrier Operations". Civil Aeronautics Journal. 10 (4). Civil Aeronautics Administration: 44. April 15, 1949. hdl:2027/osu.32437011223969.
  4. ^ "Airline Feeder System, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 167–172. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  5. ^ "American Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 105–117. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  6. ^ "Boston-Maine Airways, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 145–150. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  7. ^ "Braniff Airways, Incorporated — Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 291–300. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  8. ^ "Canadian Colonial Airways, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 520–524. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  9. ^ "Chicago and Southern Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 520–524. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  10. ^ a b "Condor Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 593–597. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  11. ^ "Continental Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 15–17. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  12. ^ "Delta Air Corporation—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 1–4. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  13. ^ "Eastern Air Lines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 173–181. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  14. ^ "Inland Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 34–38. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  15. ^ "Marquette Airlines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 301–311. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  16. ^ "Mayflower Airlines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 2. Civil Aeronautics Board: 175–180. July 1940 – August 1941. hdl:2027/osu.32435022360663.
  17. ^ "Mid-Continent Airlines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 8–13. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  18. ^ "National Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 24–28. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  19. ^ "Northwest Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 18–23. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  20. ^ "Pennsylvania-Central Airlines Corporation—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 66–73. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  21. ^ a b "Railway Express Agency, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 2. Civil Aeronautics Board: 531–542. July 1940 – August 1941. hdl:2027/osu.32435022360663.
  22. ^ "Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 190–203. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  23. ^ "Tri-State Aviation Corporation—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 2. Civil Aeronautics Board: 159–174. July 1940 – August 1941. hdl:2027/osu.32435022360663.
  24. ^ "United Air Lines Transport Corporation—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 136–144. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  25. ^ "Western Air Express Corporation—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 39–44. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  26. ^ "Wilmington Catalina Air Line, Ltd.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 431–434. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  27. ^ "Table Of Cases Reported". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: v–vii. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  28. ^ "Table Of Cases Reported". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 2. Civil Aeronautics Board: v–vii. July 1940 – August 1941. hdl:2027/osu.32435022360663.
  29. ^ "Airline Feeder System, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 167–172. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  30. ^ "Acquisition of Mayflower Airlines, Inc., by Northeast Airlines, Inc". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 4. Civil Aeronautics Board: 680–685. December 1942 – June 1944. hdl:2027/uc1.b2988894.
  31. ^ "Tri-State Aviation Corporation, Revocation of Certificate". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 4. Civil Aeronautics Board: 100–103. December 1942 – June 1944. hdl:2027/osu.32437011657885.
  32. ^ "Acquisition of Marquette by TWA". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 2. Civil Aeronautics Board: 409–424. July 1940 – August 1941. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938503.
  33. ^ Civil Aeronautics Board Practices and Procedures: Report of the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee of the Judiciary of the United States Senate, 94th Congress, 1st Session (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 217, 231. hdl:2027/pur1.32754076881451.
  34. ^ Eads, George C. (1972). The Local Service Airline Experiment. Brookings Institution. pp. 3–5. ISBN 9780815720225.
  35. ^ Report 1975, p. 217.
  36. ^ Report 1975, p. 218.
  37. ^ Report 1975, p. 220.
  38. ^ Eads 1972, p. 105–176.
  39. ^ "Parks Investigation Case". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 11: 779–851. December 1949 – August 1950. hdl:2027/osu.32437011657539.
  40. ^ "Continental-Pioneer Acquisition Case". Civil Aeronautics Board Reports. 20: 323–401. February–May 1955. hdl:2027/osu.32437011658321.
  41. ^ a b Annual Report: Fiscal Year 1977 and Transitional Quarter (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. May 1978. pp. 154–155. hdl:2027/pst.000067708109.
  42. ^ Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. December 1979. pp. 1–58. hdl:2027/osu.32435022510978.
  43. ^ Air Transport Association 1979 Annual Report
  44. ^ a b c "Part III. Traffic Statistics of the Certificated Route Air Carriers". Supplement to the Handbook of Airline Statistics: Calendar Years 1977 and 1978 (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. November 1979. pp. 12–27. hdl:2027/osu.32435025695669.
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