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'{{Short description|none}} [[Image:EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg|thumb|The location of [[Portugal]] (dark green) in [[Europe]] (with possessions [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] in circles)]] {{Jews and Judaism sidebar |expanded=population}} The '''history of the [[Jews]] in [[Portugal]]''' reaches back over two thousand years and is directly related to [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] history, a [[Jewish ethnic divisions|Jewish ethnic division]] that represents communities that originated in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] ([[Portugal]] and [[Spain]]). In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Portuguese Jews emigrated to a number of European cities outside Portugal, where they established new Portuguese Jewish communities, including in [[History of the Jews in Hamburg|Hamburg]], [[Antwerp]], and [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|the Netherlands]],<ref>Bodian, Miriam (1997) ''Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press</ref><ref>Swetschinski, Daniel M. (2000) ''Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam''. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization</ref> which remained connected culturally and economically, in an international commercial network during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ==Before Portugal== {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} Jewish populations existed in [[Iberia]] long before the [[History of Portugal|Portugal became a separate kingdom]], dating to the [[Ancient Rome|Roman era]] (province of [[Lusitania]]), but an attested Jewish presence in Portuguese territory can be documented only since 482 CE.<ref>Jorge Martins (2006), ''Portugal e os Judeus: Volume I – dos primórdios da nacionalidade à legislação pombalina'', Lisboa, Vega.</ref> With the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], Jews were persecuted by the [[Visigoths]] and other European Christian kingdoms that controlled the area after that period. In 711 CE, the [[Moorish invasion of Iberia|Islamic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula]] was seen by many in the Jewish population as a liberation, and marked as the beginning of what many have seen as a [[golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula|golden age]] (the [[Islamic]] [[Al-Andalus]]) even if the Jews, as well as the Christians (the [[Mozarabs]] of the [[Visigothic rite]]), under Muslim rule were considered ''[[dhimmi]]'', who paid a special tax as non-Muslims, but could openly practice their religion and live in autonomous communities. Rapidly in the 8th century, the Christian kingdoms of the north mountainous areas of the Iberian Peninsula ([[Kingdom of Asturias]]) started a centuries' long military campaign against the Muslim invaders, the [[Reconquista|Christian reconquest]]. The Jews, since many of them knew [[Arabic]], were used by the Christians as both spies and diplomats on the campaign. That granted them some respect although there was always prejudice. Major changes came to Jews in Portugal following the fall of the last Islamic [[kingdom of Granada]] to the [[Catholic Monarchs]] in 1492. ==Medieval Era== [[File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|thumb|Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]]]] Christian Portugal achieved victory over the Muslims in the [[Portugal in the Reconquista|Reconquest of the peninsula]], with King [[Afonso I of Portugal]] becoming monarch of the newly independent region. Afonso entrusted [[Yahia Ben Yahi III]] with the post of supervisor of tax collection and nominated him the first Chief-[[Rabbi]] of [[Portugal]] (a position always appointed by the [[King of Portugal]]). Jewish communities had been established prior to these years, an example of Jewish expansion can be seen in the town of Leiria founded by King Afonso I in 1135.<ref>Lay 2009 p.147</ref> The importance of the Jewish population to the development of the urban economy can be inferred from charters Afonso granted in 1170 to the non-Christian merchants living in Lisbon, Almada, Palmela and Alcacer.<ref name="Lay 2009 p.148">Lay 2009 p.148</ref> These charters guaranteed the Jewish minorities in the towns freedom of worship and the use of traditional law-codes.<ref name="Lay 2009 p.148"/> King Sancho I continued to honor these charters by protecting the Jewish community from rioting crusaders in 1189 by forcibly removing them from Lisbon.<ref>Lay 2009 p.159</ref> The importance of the Jewish community in the economy of Portugal can be inferred from the punishment against those who robbed merchant men, robbing either Muslim, Christian, and Jew was of equal severity.<ref name="Lay 2009 p.148"/> King [[Sancho I of Portugal]] continued his father's policy, making Jose Ibn-Yahya, the son of Yahia Ben Rabbi, High Steward of the Realm. The clergy, however, invoking the restrictions of the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]], brought considerable pressure to bear against the [[Jew]]s during the reign of King [[Dinis I of Portugal]], but the monarch maintained a conciliatory position. The [[Faro Pentateuch]], printed in 1487, was the first printed book published in Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forward.com/culture/4012/from-the-dawn-of-printing-why-rare-hebrew-manuscri/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426174038/http://forward.com/culture/4012/from-the-dawn-of-printing-why-rare-hebrew-manuscri/|archive-date=2016-04-26|title=From the Dawn of Printing Why Rare Hebrew Manuscripts Are Commanding Exorbitant Fees|date=17 December 2004 }}</ref> It was printed in Hebrew, and published by a Jew, Samuel Gacon, who had fled from the [[Spanish Inquisition]].<ref name="Horch 125">{{Cite journal|author=Rosemarie Erika Horch|title = Zur Frage des ersten in portugiesischer Sprache gedruckten Buches|journal = [[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]|volume = 62|pages = 125–134| date = 1987}}</ref> Until the 15th century, some Jews occupied prominent places in Portuguese political and economic life. For example, [[Isaac Abrabanel]] was the treasurer of King [[Afonso V of Portugal]]. Many also had an active role in the Portuguese culture, and they kept their reputation of diplomats and merchants. By this time, [[Lisbon]] and [[Évora]] were home to important Jewish communities. After the January 1492 fall of the last Islamic [[kingdom of Granada]], the [[Catholic Monarchs]] of Spain issued [[Alhambra Decree|a decree]] in March 1492, forcing Jews in Spain to either convert immediately to Christianity or leave Spain. Many fled to the kingdom of Portugal, whose monarch was more tolerant of a Jewish presence there. Portugal was the destination of most Jews who chose to leave Spain after their expulsion in 1492. Around 100,000 Spanish Jews had decided to move to the neighboring Kingdom of Portugal, a minor Jewish population was already residing in Portugal.<ref name="Livermore 1973 p.86">Livermore 1973 p.86</ref> The Portuguese were reluctant to admit the Jews into Portugal, but John II proposed to collect a tax of eight cruzados per person. Metal-workers and armorers would pay half.<ref>Livermore 1972 p.86</ref> Officials were appointed to collect the tax at five points, issuing receipts which served as passports to enter Portugal.<ref name="Livermore 1973 p.86"/> After eight months, the Portuguese crown would provide transport elsewhere at an additional fee. Six hundred wealthy families were offered a special contract to remain in Portugal and were settled in the larger cities.<ref name="Livermore 1973 p.86"/> Those who could not afford the fee demanded from them by King John II after those eight months were declared his enslaved personal property and distributed to the Portuguese nobility. However, the Portuguese were not willing to house the large remaining population of Jewish immigrants. In some cases, Jewish families were housed within Christian households, in the city of Évora the authorities refused to let in more Jewish families. King John II attempted to facilitate the transportation of Jewish families to other kingdoms.<ref name="Livermore 1973 p.86"/> When [[Manuel I of Portugal]] married a daughter of the Spanish rulers, he was pressed to align his policies with theirs.<ref>Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio p.42</ref> In December 1496, King Manuel I decreed that all Jews and Muslims in Portugal had until October 1497 to either be baptized or leave the country. In this way, many Jews were expelled, while others were integrated into Portuguese society.<ref>Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio 2003 p.42</ref> ==Portuguese overseas voyages== Scientific developments by Portuguese Jews made a direct contribution to Portugal's age of exploration. In 1497, [[Vasco da Gama]] took [[Abraham Zacuto]]'s tables and the [[astrolabe]] with him on the maiden trip to India.<ref>Although it took a little time to adapt. [[João de Barros]] (1552) ''Decadas de Asia'' Dec. 1.2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA280 p.280-81], relates how Vasco da Gama, arriving at the Bay of St. Helen in November 1497, disembarked to take the readings because he did not quite trust the new-fangled astrolabe on board. Physician-astronomer Master [[João Faras]], aboard the fleet of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], upon landing in [[Brazil]] in 1500, also complains about the astrolabe readings at sea. But pilot [[João de Lisboa]] (writing c. 1514) indicates the use of astrolabe and tables were already perfected and routine. See Albuquerque, Luís de, “Introdução”, in 1986 ed. of Abraão Zacuto, ''Almanach Perpetuum'', Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda</ref> It would continue to be used by Portuguese ships thereafter to reach far destinations such as [[Brazil]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Velho |first= A. |title= A journal of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497-1499 |year= 1969 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V7cHAwAAQBAJ&q=zacuto+%22vasco+da+gama%22&pg=PA168 |page= 168 |publisher= Рипол Классик |isbn= 9785872234647 |access-date= 11 June 2014}}</ref> Zacuto might have an uncredited appearance in [[Luís de Camões]]'s 1572 epic poem, ''[[The Lusiad]]'', as the unnamed "old man of Restelo beach", a [[Cassandra]]-like character that surges forward just before [[Vasco da Gama]]'s departure to chide the vanity of fame and warn of the travails that await him (Canto IV, v.94-111). This may be Camões' poetic interpretation of an alleged meeting (reported in [[Gaspar Correia]]) between Vasco da Gama and the older Abraham Zacuto at a monastery by [[Santa Maria de Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]] beach, just before his fleet's departure, in which Zacuto reportedly gave Gama some final navigational tips and warned him of dangers to avoid.<ref>Gaspar Correia (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da India'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=XT8gAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA23 p.23])</ref> The so-called [[Amazonian Jews]] did not arrive in Brazil during the colonial era, but rather are descended from [[Moroccan Jews]] who immigrated to the [[Amazon region]] during the [[Amazon rubber boom]]. ==Inquisition, persecutions and expulsions == {{main|Portuguese Inquisition|Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal}} [[Image:Manuel - Epistola de victoria contra infideles habita, 1507 - 4592250.tif|thumb|''Epistola de victoria contra infideles habita'', 1507]] Spain instituted the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in 1478 before decreeing the expulsion of all Jews from Spain in 1492. Tens of thousands of Spanish Jews fled Spain, including to Portugal, where King [[John II of Portugal|John II]] granted them asylum in return for payment. However, the asylum was withdrawn after eight months, with the Portuguese government decreeing the enslavement of all Jews who had not left Portugal. In 1493, King John deported several hundred Jewish children to the newly formed colony of [[São Tomé]], where many of them perished.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Jacob|title=The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315-1791 |year=1938 |page=61 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153178}}</ref> King John died in 1495, and the new king [[Manuel I of Portugal]] at first restored the freedom of the Jews. However, in 1496, under Spanish pressure as part of the marriage of [[Isabella, Princess of Asturias (1470–1498)|Isabella, Princess of Asturias]], the [[Roman Catholicism in Portugal|Church]], and some Christians among the [[Portuguese people]], King Manuel decreed that all Jews had to convert to [[Christianity]] or leave the country without their children by October 1497.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lowenstein|first=Steven|title=The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=36|isbn=9780195313604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWToS3VyqVMC&q=jewish+cultural+tapestry}}</ref> The initial edict of expulsion of 1496 was then turned into an edict of forced conversion in 1497, whereby Portuguese Jews were prevented from leaving the country and were forcibly baptized and converted to Christianity.<ref>{{cite web|author=Reuven Faingold|title=Judeus ibéricos deportados a São Tomé entre 1492-1497|url=http://www.morasha.com.br/historia-judaica-moderna/judeus-ibericos-deportados-a-sao-tome-entre-1492-8.html|website=Morashá: História Judaica Moderna (79)|date=2013|access-date=2023-05-11|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108230406/http://www.morasha.com.br/historia-judaica-moderna/judeus-ibericos-deportados-a-sao-tome-entre-1492-8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hard times followed for the Portuguese Jews, with [[Lisbon Massacre|the massacre of 2000 ''conversos'' in Lisbon in 1506]], further forced deportations to [[São Tomé]] (where there is still a Jewish presence today), and the relatively late establishment of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] in 1536. Jews in Portugal were forced to convert to Christianity, but were largely allowed to practice their religion in private. Portugal did not immediately establish an [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] until 1536. The Inquisition held its first [[Auto de fe|Auto da fé]] in Portugal in 1540. Like the [[Spanish Inquisition]], it concentrated its efforts on rooting out converts from other faiths (overwhelmingly [[Judaism]]) who did not adhere to the strictures of Catholic orthodoxy; like in Spain, the Portuguese inquisitors mostly targeted the [[Jew]]ish [[New Christians]], ''[[conversos]]'', or ''[[marranos]]''. The Portuguese Inquisition expanded its scope of operations from Portugal to the [[Portuguese Empire]], including [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cape Verde]], and [[Portuguese India|India]]. According to Henry Charles Lea<ref>Henry Charles Lea, ''A History of the Inquisition of Spain'', vol. 3, Book 8.</ref> between 1540 and 1794 tribunals in Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra and Évora burned 1,175 persons, another 633 were burned in effigy and 29,590 were penanced. The Portuguese Inquisition was extinguished in 1821 by the "General Extraordinary and Constituent [[Court]]s of the Portuguese Nation". When [[Philip II of Spain]] succeeded to the crown of Portugal in 1580, Portuguese Jews there were increasingly under threat. Portuguese Jews, "Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation", migrated to cities outside Portugal, including [[History of the Jews in Hamburg|Hamburg]], Antwerp, and the [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Netherlands]], especially [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], the [[Jerusalem of the West|"Dutch Jerusalem"]]. Many had been successful merchants in Portugal and they established an international trading network in the [[Atlantic world]] in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The vast majority would eventually emigrate to [[Amsterdam]], [[Thessaloniki]], [[Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]]), [[France]], [[Morocco]], [[Brazil]], [[Curaçao]] and the [[Antilles]]. In some of these places their presence can still be witnessed, as in the use of the [[Judeo-Spanish|Ladino]] language by some Jewish communities in [[Turkey]], the [[Papiamento|Portuguese-based dialects]] of the [[Netherlands Antilles]], or the multiple synagogues built by what was to be known as the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] (such as the [[Amsterdam Esnoga]] or [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the City of London). The prohibitions, [[persecution]] and eventual Jewish mass emigration from Spain and Portugal probably had adverse effects on the development of the [[Economy of Portugal|Portuguese economy]]. Jews and non-Catholic Christians reportedly had substantially better numerical skills than the Catholic majority, which might be due to the Jewish religious doctrine, which focused strongly on education, for example, because [[Torah]]-reading was compulsory for men. Even when Jewish men were forced to quit their highly skilled urban occupations, their [[numeracy]] advantage persisted. However, during the inquisition, spillover-effects of these skills were rare because of forced separation and Jewish emigration, which was detrimental for economic development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Juif |first1=Dácil |last2=Baten |first2=Joerg |last3=Pérez-Artés |first3=Mari Carmen |title=NUMERACY OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL DURING THE INQUISITION ERA |journal=Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History}}</ref> [[File:First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Shearith Israel (1656-1833) in Manhattan, New York City.jpg|thumb|The first Cemetery of the first Spanish and Portuguese community Synagogue (Shearith Israel, active 1656–1833), Manhattan, New York City.]] Despite strong persecution, conversos of Jewish ancestry did stay in Portugal initially. Of those, a significant number converted to Christianity as a mere formality, practicing their Jewish faith in private. These [[Crypto-Jew]]s were known as [[New Christians]], and would be under the constant surveillance of the Inquisition – to such an extent that most of these, would eventually leave the country in the centuries<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cilisboa.org/hpt_preinq.htm |title=Antes Inquisição |access-date=2018-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222205734/http://cilisboa.org/hpt_preinq.htm |archive-date=2005-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to come and again embrace openly their Jewish faith, joining the communities of [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] in places such as Amsterdam, London or Livorno. Some of the most famous descendants of Portuguese Jews who lived outside [[Portugal]] are the philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]] (from Portuguese Bento de Espinosa), who was expelled from the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam; Rabbi [[Menasseh Ben Israel]], trained as a rabbi in Amsterdam; [[Uriel da Costa]] a precursor of Spinoza and modern biblical criticism; and the classical economist [[David Ricardo]]. Very few Jews, the [[Belmonte Jews]], went for a different and radical solution, practicing their faith in a strict secret isolated community. Known as the [[Marranos]], some dozens have survived until today (basically only the community from the small town of Belmonte, plus some more isolated families) by the practice of inmarriage and few cultural contact with the outside world. Only recently, have they re-established contact with the international Jewish community and openly practice religion in a public synagogue with a formal [[rabbi]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ==Modern era== In the 19th century, with the end of the inquisition, some affluent families of Sephardi Jewish Portuguese origin, namely from Morocco and Gibraltar, returned to Portugal (such as the Ruah, Bensaúde, Anahory, Abecassis, and Buzzaglo). Jews were formally allowed back in Portugal near the year 1800.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jewishheritagealliance.com/portugal-history/#portugalhistory5 | title=Portugal-history &#124; Jewish Heritage Alliance | date=8 January 2019 }}</ref> The first synagogue to be built in Portugal since the 15th century was the [[Lisbon Synagogue]], inaugurated in 1904.<ref>{{citation|last1=Mucznik|first1=Esther|title=Os Judeus em Portugal|website=Israeli community of Lisbon - Comunidade Israelita de Lisboa|publisher=Also published in Revista História n.º 15, June 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mucznik|first1=Esther|title=Jewish community of Lisbon|url=http://www.redejudiariasportugal.com/index.php/en/comunidade-israelita-de-lisboa|website=The Portuguese Network of Jewish Quarters}}</ref> ===World War II=== A new chapter for Jews in Portugal was marked by [[World War II]]. From 1932 Portugal was under the nationalist regime of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], but Portuguese nationalism was not grounded on race or biology. In 1934 Salazar made it clear that Portuguese nationalism did not include pagan anti-human ideals that glorified a race, and in 1937, he published a book where he criticized the ideals behind the [[Nuremberg laws]].<ref>Salazar, António de Oliveira – “Como se Levanta um Estado”, {{ISBN|9789899537705}}</ref> In 1938, he sent a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in Berlin ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race and therefore Portuguese Jewish citizens could not be discriminated against.<ref>Dez anos de Politica Externa, Vol 1, pag 137. Edicao Imprensa Nacional 1961</ref> In 1937, Adolfo Benarus, Honorary Chairman of COMASSIS<ref>Portuguese Committee for the Assistance of Jewish Refugees in Portugal (COMASSIS), which was led by Augusto Esaguy and Elias Baruel, and had Moses Amzalak and Adolfo Benarus as its honorary chairmen.</ref> and a leader of the Lisbon's Jewish Community published a book where he rejoiced with the fact that there was no [[anti-Semitism]] in Portugal.<ref>Benarus, Adolfo – “O Antisemitismo” - 1937 (Lisboa : Sociedade Nacional de Tipografia)</ref> Portuguese Jewish scholar and economist Moses Amzalak, leader of the Lisbon Jewish community for more than fifty years (from 1926 until 1978), believed that Nazis were defending Europe from communism. Later, when Nazi anti-Semitic policies became evident, Amzalak got actively involved in rescue operations leveraging his friendship with Salazar. Yad Vashem historian Avraham Milgram says that modern anti-Semitism failed "to establish even a toehold in Portugal"<ref>Avraham Milgram, ''Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews'', Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2011, p.11.</ref> while it grew racist and virulent elsewhere in early twentieth-century Europe. Early in September 1939, Portugal proclaimed its neutrality to combat threats to its colonial possessions from nations in both the Allied and Axis camps. Nonetheless, its sympathies were clearly on the side of the allies following Germany's invasion of the Catholic nation of Poland. Upon the declaration of war, the Portuguese Government announced that the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] remained intact, but since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal would remain neutral. The British Government confirmed the understanding. From the British perspective, Portuguese non-belligerency was essential to keep Spain from entering the war on the side of the Axis."<ref name="Neutrality by Agreement">Leite, Joaquim da Costa. "Neutrality by Agreement: Portugal and the British Alliance in World War II." American University International Law Review 14, no. 1 (1998): 185-199</ref> At the outbreak of World War II, to the nearly 400 Jews that were living in Portugal an additional 650 Jewish refugees from Central Europe were granted a quasi-resident status. However, under threat of military action from the Nazis Salazar issued orders on November 11, 1939, that consuls were not to issue Portuguese visas to "foreigners of indefinite or contested nationality; the stateless; or Jews expelled from their countries of origin". This order was followed only six months later by one stating that "under no circumstances" were visas to be issued without prior case-by-case approval from [[Lisbon]]. Portugal's regime did not distinguish between Jews and non-Jews but rather between immigrant Jews who came and had the means to leave the country and those lacking them. Portugal prevented Jews from putting down roots in the country not because they were Jews but because the regime feared foreign influence in general, and feared the entrance of Bolsheviks and left-wing agitators fleeing from Germany.<ref>Milgram, Avraham. "Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews", translated by Naftali Greenwood. Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2011, (page 266) {{ISBN|978-965-308-387-5}}</ref> Antisemitic ideological patterns had no hold in the ruling structure of the “[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]” and ''a fortiori'' in the various strata of Portuguese society.<ref name="Milgram, Avraham page 13">Milgram, Avraham. "Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews", Publication Date: March 20, 2012 {{ISBN|978-9653083875}} pp 13</ref> Germany's invasion of France in 1940 brought the Nazis to the Pyrenees which allowed Hitler to bring unanticipated pressures on both Spain and Portugal.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The New History of Portugal'', H.V. Livermore, Cambridge University Press, 1969</ref> On June 26, 1940, the main [[HIAS|HIAS-HICEM]] (Jewish relief organization) European Office was authorized by Salazar to be transferred from Paris to Lisbon. A few weeks later, in the summer of 1940, the Jewish community on the Portuguese island of [[Madeira]] also grew considerably due to the [[Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II]] to Madeira, which included a number of Jews, who attended the [[Synagogue of Funchal]]. Some of these evacuees were buried in the [[Jewish Cemetery of Funchal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jewishphotolibrary.smugmug.com/AFRICA/AFRICAislands/MADEIRA/PTFunchalJewishCemetery/i-MqcfhkQ |title=MADEIRA (Portugal), Funchal. Jewish Cemetery (8.2015) |author=Jono David |publisher=HaChayim HaYehudim Jewish Photo Library |year= 2015 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> Following the Nazi invasion of Russia which cut off their supply of [[tungsten|wolfram]] ([[tungsten]]) from Asia, Germany initiated tactics to extract wolfram from Portugal, initially by artificially running up prices in an attempt to get the people to bypass the Portuguese government and sell directly to German Agents. Salazar's government attempted to limit this and in October 1941 Germany retaliated by sinking a Portuguese merchant ship, the first neutral ship to be attacked during World War II. Germany torpedoed a second Portuguese ship in December. England then invoked long-standing treaties with Portugal dating from 1373 ([[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]]) and 1386 ([[Treaty of Windsor 1386|Treaty of Windsor]]) and Portugal honored these by granting a military base in the [[Azores]] to the Allies. The Allies then promised all possible aid in the event of a German attack against Portugal. Portugal continued to export wolfram and other goods to both Allied countries and Germany (partly via [[Switzerland]]) until 1944 when Portugal declared a total embargo of wolfram to Germany.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Despite Salazar's strict policy, efforts to provide entry visas into Portugal to Jews via rescue operations continued. The number of refugees that has escaped through Portugal during the war has estimates that range from one hundred thousand to one million, an impressive number considering the size of the country's population at that time (circa 6&nbsp;million).<ref>Neil Lochery estimates a high end number of one million - Lochery, Neill -''Lisbon: War in the Shadows of the City of Light, 1939–45'', Public Affairs; 1 edition (November 1, 2011), {{ISBN|1586488791}}</ref> ''"In 1940 Lisbon, happiness was staged so that God could believe it still existed,"'' wrote the French writer [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]].<ref>Saint-Exupery escaped from France to Portugal and ended up in Lisbon, waiting for a visa to go to America.</ref> The Portuguese capital became a symbol of hope for many refugees. Even Ilsa and Rick, the star-crossed lovers in the film [[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]], sought a ticket to that "great embarkation point." Thousands had flooded the city, trying to obtain the documents necessary to escape to the United States or the British Mandate of Palestine/ Eretz Israel. Not all found their way. The number of visas issued by [[Aristides de Sousa Mendes]], Portuguese consul in Paris, cannot be determined. There is no consensus on the number of refugees that used Portugal as an escape route in those early days of World War II. Yehuda Bauer says that the number of visas must have been close to 10,000<ref>American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945, p. 44, {{ISBN|0-8143-1672-7}}</ref> and that is the number of refugees who actually reached Portugal in the summer of 1940. But he adds that of these 10,000 ''“not all of them received visas from Mendes, but a very high proportion must have”''. To reach a more accurate figure, the visas granted by the Portuguese consulates in Rotterdam, Den Hague, Antwerp, Paris, Toulouse, Berlin, Geneva, and other cities would need to be counted, according to [[Yad Vashem]] historian Avraham Milgram in a study from 1999 published by the Shoah Resource Center<ref>Portugal, the Consuls, and the Jewish Refugees, 1938–1941 • Avraham Milgram, Shoah Resource Center, International School for Holocaust Studies</ref> An analysis of the list of visas granted by Sousa Mendes to Jews and non-Jews in May and June 1940 indicates that the number of visas granted by the consul was lower than the numbers mentioned in the literature, raising questions about Portugal and the entry of Jewish refugees. Milgram concludes that ''the discrepancy between the reality and the myth of the number of visas granted by Sousa Mendes is great''. ==Twenty-first century== More recently, in 2011, Milgram published a densely researched book, “Portugal Salazar and the Jews” where he again challenges the long-maintained but fuzzy numbers of the Sousa Mendes disobedience episode. To make his point on the exaggeration of the numbers, Milgram also cross checks the Bordeaux numbers with those of the [[HIAS|HICEM]] reports. According to HICEM reports, only 1,538 Jews who came to Portugal as refugees without visas to other countries sailed from Lisbon in the second half of 1940, and an additional 4,908 Jews, with the help of HICEM, sailed during 1941. To this number should be added approximately 2,000 Jews who came armed with American visas directly from Italy, Germany, and countries annexed by the Germans. In total, in the eighteen months from July 1940 to December 1941, the HICEM took care of the sea transport of 8,346 Jews who left Lisbon for trans-Atlantic countries. Because of his efforts in opening up a refugee escape route, Sousa Mendes has been honored by [[Israel]] as one of the [[Righteous Among The Nations]]. The escape route remained active throughout the war, allowing an estimated one million refugees to escape from the Nazis through Portugal during World War II.<ref>See [http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/press/jews-portugal-contemporary.3975.htm], "The Jews Of Portugal: Contemporary Sites And Events Aristides de Sousa Mendes: A Moral Model For The World" published on the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation website</ref> Mendes' actions were not unique. Issuing visas in contravention of instructions was widespread at Portuguese consulates all over Europe.<ref>Milgram, Avraham. ''Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews'', translated by Naftali Greenwood. Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2011, (page 89) {{ISBN|978-965-308-387-5}}</ref> {{anchor|Portuguese Ambassador in Budapest, 1944}} Other cases were supported by Salazar. The Portuguese Ambassador in Budapest, [[Carlos Sampaio Garrido]] and the Chargé d'Affaires [[Carlos de Liz-Texeira Branquinho]], under Salazar's direct supervision, helped an estimated 1,000 Hungarian Jews in 1944. They rented houses and apartments in the outskirts of Budapest to shelter and protect refugees from deportation and murder. On April 28, 1944, when the [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungarian secret police]] (counterparts to the Gestapo) raided the Ambassador's home and arrested his guests, the Ambassador physically resisted the police and was also arrested, but he managed to have his guests released on the grounds of ex-territorially of diplomatic legations. In 2010 Sampaio Garrido was recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Other Portuguese who deserve further credit for saving Jews during the war are Professor Francisco Paula Leite Pinto and [[Moisés Bensabat Amzalak]]. A devoted Jew and a Salazar supporter, Amzalak headed the Lisbon Jewish community for more than fifty years, from 1926 until 1978. ==Communities== The roots of Portuguese Jewry lay way prior to the forging of the [[Portuguese kingdom]]. When [[Afonso I of Portugal]] obtained recognition of his independent kingdom, in 1143, Jews had lived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] for at least one millennium.<ref>STEINHARDT, Inácio - Raízes dos judeus em Portugal: entre Godos e Sarracenos. [S.l.]: Nova Vega, 2012</ref> Later, with the [[Edict]] of expulsion of the Jews by [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] (1496) and the official establishment of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] by [[John III of Portugal|John III]] (1536) came a period of intolerance and prejudice that lasted for several centuries and led to the almost complete extermination of [[Judaism]] and the Jews in [[Portugal]].<ref>TÁVARES, Maria José Pimenta Ferro - Judaísmo e Inquisição: Estudos. Lisboa: Presença, 1987</ref> It wasn't until the twentieth century that organized [[Jewish communities]] settled again in Portugal. ===Lisbon=== The Jewish Community of [[Lisbon]] (Portuguese: ''Comunidade Israelita de Lisboa - CIL'') was officially recognized in 1913. It brings together the Jews of Lisbon. Its headquarters are on Avenida Alexandre Herculano, no.59 in Lisbon, where the synagogue [[Lisbon Synagogue|Shaaré Tikvah]] (Gates of Hope) is located. According to its official website, the purpose of the Jewish Community of Lisbon is to promote religious education for the new generations according to the values of Judaism, to recruit new members and to strengthen its engagement in the local and national affairs, by means of dialogue and interaction with the authorities as well as with civil and religious institutions. <gallery caption="Shaaré Tikvah synagogue" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2"> File:Fachada da sinagoga Shaare Tikva, em Lisboa.jpg|Facade File:Interior da sinagoga de Lisboa, Shaarei Tikva.JPG|Interior </gallery> ==== Ohel Jacob Synagogue ==== The Ohel Jacob Synagogue (“Tent of Jacob”) was founded in 1934 by a small Jewish group of Ashkenazic origin from Central Europe, which began by meeting at the premises of the now established Hehaber – Israel Youth Zionist character, which had been created by young Jews in Lisbon in 1925. This group of Jews, mostly Poles, would play a remarkable role in the dynamization of this religious space, a singular synagogue, characterized by its openness to the outside, tolerance and understanding for Jews of all origins, especially the integration of the descendants of [[Marrano|Marranos – or b’nei anussim]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutional |url=https://hehaver-oheljacob.org/en/institutional/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Ohel Jacob Synagogue and Hehaver Community |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ohel Jacob is the only [[Reform Judaism|reform]] synagogue in Portugal, and is under the guidance of Rabbi [[Alona Lisitsa]]. It is also an affiliate member of the [https://eupj.org/ European Union for Progressive Judaism (EUPJ)] and [[World Union for Progressive Judaism|World Union for Progressive Judaism (WUPJ)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EUPJ - WUPJ |url=https://hehaver-oheljacob.org/en/ohel-jacob-eupj-member/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Ohel Jacob Synagogue and Hehaver Community |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Porto=== The foundation of the synagogue dates to 1923, with the initiatives of the Jewish community in Porto and of [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]] [[Artur Carlos de Barros Basto|Artur Barros Basto]], who converted to [[Judaism]].<ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=5567 |title=Sinagoga do Porto/Sinagoga Kadoorie Mekor Haim/Museu Judaico do Porto (IPA.00005567/PT011312070213) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=pt |first=Isabel |last=Sereno |year=1998 |access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref> Generally, [[Jewish Communities of Portugal|three organized Jewish communities]] had existed in Portugal: in Lisbon, Porto and Belmonte; there are{{Clarify timeframe|date=February 2020}} 6000 people who consider themselves Jewish.<ref name=SIPA/> Captain Barros Basto was one of the most important figures in the community, linked to the founding of an organized Jewish movement in the northern community.<ref name=SIPA/> There were at least twenty [[Ashkenazim|Ashkenazi]] Jews in the city; since there was no synagogue, they needed to travel to [[Lisbon]] for all their religious needs. Barros Basto began to plan a synagogue, officially registering the local Jewish community, the Comunidade Israelita do Porto (Israelite Community of Porto), with the local government in 1923.<ref name=SIPA/> During this time, the membership used a house on the Rua Elias Garcia. In 1927, Barros Basto founded the Portuguese Jewish newspaper ''[[Ha-Lapid]]''. In 1929, with the aim of trying to convert the Marranos that existed in Trás-os-Montes and Beiras into official Judaism, Barros Basto raised funds.<ref name=SIPA/> On 13 November 1929 an application for the necessary licensing to begin work was delivered to the municipal council; a few weeks later, the first stone was laid and construction begun.<ref name=SIPA/> The architects were Artur de Almeida Júnior and Augusto dos Santos Malta (who trained in the Escola das Belas Artes de Porto), in collaboration with interior designer Rogério de Azevedo.<ref name=SIPA/> Rogério de Azevedo may have executed some of the finish work himself, as some touches, including woodwork in the library, were completed in a style characteristic of his work.<ref>Elvira de Azevedo Mea and Inácio Steinhardt (1997), p.222</ref> Between 1930 and 1935, the Israeli Technology Institute was installed in the building, even before its completion.<ref name=SIPA/> The work progressed slowly until 1933, despite support from the Committee for Spanish-Portuguese Jews in [[London]].<ref name=SIPA/> In 1937, the synagogue was complete thanks to the contributions from the Jewish community in London and from funds donated by the [[Kadoorie family]] and Iraqi Jews from Portugal.<ref name=SIPA/> Upon the death of Laura Kadoorie, the wife of prominent [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] Jewish philanthropist Sir [[Elly Kadoorie]], her children wished to honor their mother, a descendant of Portuguese Jews who had fled the country following the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]]. This tribute was reflected in the monetary support by the Kadoorie family to assist in the construction of large part of the synagogue in Porto, which was later renamed Synagogue Kadoorie - Mekor Haim.<ref name=SIPA/> In the same year, Captain Artur Barros Basto was expelled from the Portuguese army for his participation in circumcisions.<ref name=SIPA/> The synagogue was inaugurated in 1938.<ref name=SIPA/> The synagogue has always had a small number of members and, for much of the 20th century, has been entrusted to families in Central and Eastern Europe (Roskin, Kniskinsky, Finkelstein, Cymerman, Pressman and others), who married among themselves. During the Second World War, hundreds of refugees passed through the doors of the synagogue en route to the United States.<ref name=SIPA/> Former Captain Barros Bastos died in 1961.<ref name=SIPA/> In 2012, the synagogue was opened to the public.<ref name=SIPA/> Representatives from an [[Israel]]i governmental agency visited in 2014 and approved co-financing for renovations and security upgrades.<ref name=SIPA/> On 21 May 2015, the Jewish Museum of Porto was opened to the public. It was inaugurated on 28 June in the presence of the president of the Comunidade Israelita do Porto and various cultural, education and political personalities.<ref name=SIPA/> A fence was erected along the sides and rear of the building.<ref name=SIPA/> The community counts among its members Jews of origins as diverse as [[Poland]], [[Egypt]], the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Russia]], [[Israel]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]] and [[England]]. The present [[rabbi]] is Daniel Litvak, a native of [[Argentina]], and the current vice president is Isabel Ferreira Lopes, the granddaughter of Captain Barros Basto. [[File:Shabbaton 2020.jpg|thumb|[[Shabbaton]] 2020]] According to the official blog of the community, it includes about 500 Jews originally from more than thirty countries and gathers all standards and degrees of observance of Judaism. In recent years, the members of the community have connected the organization with the rest of the Jewish world, written the Community's rules, restored the synagogue building, organized departments and created the necessary conditions for Jewish life to flourish again in Oporto. The organisation has a [[Beth din|beit din]], two official rabbis, and structures for [[kashrut]]. It offers courses to schoolteachers to combat [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]], and has a museum, a cinema, films about its history, and cooperation protocols with the Portuguese state, the Israeli Embassy to Portugal, [[B'nai B'rith|B'nai B'rith International]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]], [[Keren Hayesod]], and [[Chabad|Chabad Lubavitch]], as well as with the [[Diocese of Porto|Oporto Diocese]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vidaeconomica.pt/vida-economica-1/comunidades-judaica-e-catolica-do-porto-doam-20-mil-euros-quatro-instituicoes-de-pobreza|title = Comunidades Judaica e Católica do Porto doam 20 mil euros a quatro instituições de pobreza}}</ref> and Oporto's [[Muslims|Muslim]] community. In January 2019, the President of the Republic, [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], visited the Porto Synagogue, where he attended the celebration of the Shabbat Cabalat, after which he took the floor. Upon arrival, the Head of State was received by the President of the Jewish Community of Porto, Dias Ben Zion, and by the Chief Rabbi, Daniel Litvak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=158818|title = Presidente da República visitou Sinagoga do Porto}}</ref> In September 2020, the Jewish Community of Porto was received by the Mayor of Porto, Rui Moreira, in the City Hall. The Mayor welcomed the leadership of a rapidly growing and rejuvenating community in the city, representing about 500 Jews from more than 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.porto.pt/noticias/comunidade-judaica-do-porto-foi-hoje-recebida-por-rui-moreira-na-camara|title = Comunidade Judaica do Porto foi hoje recebida por Rui Moreira na Câmara|date = 15 September 2020}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Holocaust Museum of Oporto]] was inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zaig |first1=Gadi |title=First Holocaust museum to be inaugurated in Oporto, Portugal |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/first-holocaust-museum-to-be-inaugurated-in-oporto-portugal-655279 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal opens the doors to Oporto Holocaust museum |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/portugal-opens-the-doors-to-oporto-holocaust-museum-664505 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=8 April 2021 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> <gallery caption="Kadoorie Mekor Haim synagogue" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2"> File:Sinagoga Kadoorie10.jpg|Facade File:Sinagoga Kadoorie11.jpg|Interior </gallery> ===Belmonte=== The Jewish community of [[Belmonte Municipality|Belmonte]] was officially recognized in 1989. It brings together the [[History of the Jews in Belmonte|Jews of Belmonte]] and its surroundings. Its headquarters are located in Rua Fonte Rosa, 6250-041, Belmonte, where the Synagogue Beit Eliahu (House of Elijah) was built. According to the official blog of the Jewish community of Belmonte, this is the only community in Portugal that can be considered truly [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. Its members are descendants of [[crypto-Jews]] that managed to preserve many of the rites, prayers and social relations throughout the period of the Inquisition, marrying inside a community constituted by a few families. The ''[[Museu Judaico de Belmonte]] (Judaic Museum of Belmonte)'' inaugurated in 2005, was the first museum of that kind in [[Portugal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museu Judaico |url=https://www.cm-belmonte.com/?q=node/126 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Belmonte |language=pt-pt}}</ref> <gallery caption="Beit Eliahu synagogue" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2"> File:Sinagoga Belmonte01.jpg|Facade </gallery> ===Cascais=== The [[Avner Cohen Chabad House]] is a [[Jewish]] community centre situated in [[Cascais]] in the [[Lisbon District]]. It includes a library that places special emphasis on works about the [[Torah]], either those written by Portuguese Jewish scholars or printed in Portugal in the late 15th-century. This is the first [[Chabad House]] to be established in Portugal, having been opened in 2019.<ref name="Us">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.chabadportugal.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/2209205/jewish/About-Us.htm |website=Chabad Lubavitch of Portugal |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref> ===History of the Jews in Madeira=== {{Main|History of the Jews in Madeira}} ===Migration to Israel=== {{Infobox ethnic group |image= File:Quatre synagogues sefardi Jerusalem.JPG |group=Portuguese people in Israel |population= 10,000 |popplace= Jerusalem (with an extremely important and significant minority in Tel Aviv) |rels= [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Judaism]] |langs= [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] }} '''The [[Portuguese people]]''' are the fifth largest Western European immigrant group in Israel, after Dutch people, French people, Britons and Germans. Also, Israel is home to the largest Portuguese immigrant community in Middle East. {{Demographics of Israel}} {{Portuguese diaspora}} ==Present== [[File:Monte_Judeu-Algarve.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A road sign indicating a small [[Village]] in the [[Algarve]] called 'Monte Judeu', (in English 'Jewish Mount'), influenced by the Jews who lived in the region.]] In 1987 the then President [[Mário Soares]], for the first time in the [[History of Portugal]], asked forgiveness to the Jewish communities of Portuguese origin for Portugal's responsibility in the Inquisition and all the past persecutions of Jews. At present there are numerous Jewish cultural heritage sites in Portugal,<ref>See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121412/http://jewish-heritage-europe.eu/country/portugal/portugal.htm], An Online Resource of Jewish Heritage in Portugal</ref> including five synagogues in the country, in Lisbon ([[Lisbon Synagogue|Sha'aré Tikvá]] – Orthodox/ Ohel Yaakov – Conservative<ref>Strictly speaking, the community is called ''Beit Israel'': ''Ohel Yaakov'' is the former Orthodox Ashkenazi synagogue in which it meets: {{cite web |url=http://www.masorti.eu/index.php/partner-organizations/beit-israel-lisbon-portugal |title=Grundtvig Partnership : Partner Organizations : Beit Israel (Lisbon, Portugal) |access-date=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006043615/http://www.masorti.eu/index.php/partner-organizations/beit-israel-lisbon-portugal |archive-date=2011-10-06 }}</ref>), [[Porto]] ([[:pt:Sinagoga Kadoorie|Mekor Haim]]), [[Ponta Delgada]] in the [[Azores]] islands (Porta do Céu – Shaar ha-Shamain) and [[Belmonte Municipality|Belmonte]] ([[History of the Jews in Belmonte|Bet Eliahu]]), and several private places where the Jewish community meets. There are a series of [[kosher]] products being produced in Portugal including wine. It is hard to say how many Jews live in Portugal. The Portuguese census estimated a Jewish population of 5,000 individuals in 2001, with a between-census estimate in 2006 of 8,000. The CIA World Factbook cites a smaller number of a thousand Jews, mainly [[Ashkenazi Jews|central European]] [[Holocaust]] survivors. But the [[Crypto-Jews]] and returned [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]] represent the remainder. According to a 2008 study by the [[American Journal of Human Genetics]], 19.8% of the Portuguese population has some degree of [[Genetic studies on Jews|Jewish ancestry]]. The genetic signatures of people in the Iberian Peninsula provide new evidence that the number of Jews [[forced to convert to Christianity]] during Catholic rule in the 15th and 16th centuries was much greater than historians believed.<ref name="nih">{{cite journal|title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula|pmc=2668061 | pmid=19061982|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007|volume=83|date=December 2008|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|pages=725–36 | last1 = Adams | first1 = SM | last2 = Bosch | first2 = E | last3 = Balaresque | first3 = PL |issue=6 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Some Portuguese personalities are known Jews or descendants of Jews, most notably [[Esther Mucznik]] (leader of the Israelite Community of Lisbon), the award-winning photographer [[Daniel Blaufuks]], screen actress [[Daniela Ruah]], former Lisbon Mayor [[Nuno Krus Abecassis]], and the former [[List of Presidents of Portugal|President of the Republic]] [[Jorge Sampaio]], whose grandmother was a [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Moroccan Jew]] of Portuguese-Jewish origin (though Sampaio does not identify as Jewish, instead considering himself agnostic).<ref>See {{cite web |url=http://www.shavei.org/article.php?id=267 |title=Shavei Israel |access-date=2007-03-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045320/http://www.shavei.org/article.php?id=267 |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}, retrieved from the [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/443340731.html?dids=443340731:443340731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+7%2C+2003&author=MICHAEL+FREUND&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=06&desc=Portugal%27s+president%3A+%27I+am+proud+of+my+Jewish+ancestry%27 ''Jerusalem Post'' of 7 November, 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209185024/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/443340731.html?dids=443340731:443340731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+7%2C+2003&author=MICHAEL+FREUND&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=06&desc=Portugal%27s+president%3A+%27I+am+proud+of+my+Jewish+ancestry%27 |date=2008-02-09 }}: <blockquote>Jerusalem Post: I understand that you have Jewish ancestry in your family. What is your personal connection to the Jewish people? Do you consider yourself to be a Jew?.</blockquote> <blockquote>Jorge Sampaio: My grandmother belonged to a Jewish family that came from Morocco in the beginning of the 19th century. She married a non-Jewish naval officer who later was Foreign Affairs minister. I am naturally very proud of this ancestry and of all those that I call my "favorite Jewish cousins," one of whom is the president of the Lisbon Jewish Community, as I am proud of the ancestry on my non-Jewish father's side. Personally, I am agnostic, and I do not consider myself a Jew; but I am proud, as I said, of my ancestors.</blockquote></ref> ===Citizenship law=== {{Main|Portuguese nationality law#Jewish Law of Return}} In April 2013 [[Portugal]] passed a [[Portuguese nationality law#Jewish Law of Return|law of return]], allowing descendants of Sephardic Jews who were expelled in the inquisition to claim Portuguese citizenship provided that they 'belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal' without a requirement for residence. The amendment to Portugal's "Law on Nationality" was approved unanimously on 11 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/descendants-of-16th-century-jewish-refugees-can-claim-portuguese-citizenship-1.515268 |title=Descendants of 16th century Jewish refugees can claim Portuguese citizenship |date=13 April 2013 |publisher=Haaretz.com| access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> The law came into effect in March 2015. === Antisemitism === On 11 October 2023, three days after the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|October 7 attacks]] by [[Hamas]] on Israel, vandals defaced the synagogue of Porto’s Jewish community, leaving pro-Palestinian messages, including "Free Palestine" and "End Israeli apartheid".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-11 |title=Porto synagogue vandalised in wake of Hamas terror |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/porto-synagogue-vandalised-in-wake-of-hamas-terror-qdz74ivr |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=[[The Jewish Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title=Porto synagogue vandalized with pro-Palestinian slogans |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/porto-synagogue-vandalized-with-pro-palestinian-slogans/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> On February 3, 2024, a housing protest in Porto escalated into an antisemitic demonstration, where participants held signs assigning blame to Jews and Zionists for economic challenges. Some signs called for the 'cleansing the world of Jews'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title='Cleansing the world of Jews': Porto housing protest turns antisemitic |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-784953 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In March of 2024, a local Portuguese Jewish news outlet reported that a member of Lisbon's Jewish community, Esther Mucznik, was berated by a Portuguese poll worker, who remarked that he "didn't like her name" and "the massacres they are carrying out over there."<ref>{{cite web |title=Antisemitism continues its unstoppable path in Portugal |url=https://portuguesejewishnews.com/news/antisemitism-continues-its-unstoppable-path-in-portugal/ |website=The Portuguese Jewish News |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> ==Notable Portuguese Jews== [[File:Benjamin_Cardozo.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Benjamin N. Cardozo]] was an American [[Jurist]].]] [[File:Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Jorge Sampaio]], of Jewish ancestry, was the [[List of Presidents of Portugal|18th]] [[President of the Portuguese Republic|President]] of Portugal, from 1996 to 2006.]] [[File:Daniela_Ruah_-_Monte-Carlo_Television_Festival.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Portuguese-American]] actress [[Daniela Ruah]].]] {{main list|List of Iberian Jews}} *[[Aaron Lopez]] *[[Abraham Caceres]] *[[Abraham Cohen Pimentel]], Head Rabbi Portuguese Spanish Synagogue of Amsterdam *[[Abraham Israel Pereyra]] *[[Abraham Usque]] *[[Abraham Zacuto]] *[[Abraham Pais]] *[[Alexander Teixeira de Mattos]] *[[Alvaro Pimentel]] *[[Antonio Fernandez Carvajal]] *[[António José da Silva]] *[[Antonio de Montesinos]] *[[Baruch Spinoza]], expelled from the Amsterdam Portuguese community *[[Benjamin N. Cardozo]] *[[Catulle Mendès]] *[[Camille Pissarro]] *[[Daniel Blaufuks]] *[[Daniel Mendoza]] *[[Daniela Ruah]] *[[David Ricardo]] *[[Emma Lazarus]] *[[Ephraim Lópes Pereira d'Aguilar, 2nd Baron d'Aguilar|Ephraim d'Aguilar]] *[[Esther Mucznik]] (Writer, former leader of the Portuguese Israelite Community - 2002–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esferadoslivros.pt/book-author/esther-mucznik/|title=Esther Mucznik|publisher=esferadoslivros.pt|year=2017|language=pt|access-date= 27 July 2018}}</ref> *[[Federigo Enriques]] *[[Francisco Lopes Suasso]] *[[Francisca Nunez de Carabajal]] *[[Garcia de Orta]] *[[Garcia Pimentel]] (Merchant, Financier, Spice Trader) *[[Grace Aguilar]] *[[Henri Castro]] *[[Isaac Abrabanel]] *[[Isaac Cardoso]] *[[Isaac da Costa]] *[[Isaac de Pinto]] *[[Isaac de Sequeira Samuda]] *[[Jacob de Castro Sarmento]] *[[Jacob Rodrigues Pereira]] *[[Joseph Corré]] *[[Gracia Mendes Nasi]] *[[Joseph Nasi]] *[[Joseph Salvador]] *[[Joshua Ruah]] ([[Urologist]], former leader of the Portuguese Israelite Community - 1979–1991, 1995–1999)<ref>http://www.ipt.pt/download/fusis/9CV_Joshua%20Ruah.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> *[[Jorge Sampaio]] *[[Judah Leon Abravanel]] *[[Judah Touro]] *[[Lewis Goldsmith]] *[[Luis de Carabajal y Cueva]]<ref>C. K. Landis, ''Carabajal the Jew, a Legend of Monterey'', Vineland, N. J., 1894.</ref> *[[Luís Vaz Pimentel]], a model case of the crime of relapsing into Judaism, Early Jewish Life in Rotterdam from the Portuguese Inquisition Archives *[[Malcolm McLaren]] *[[Menasseh Ben Israel]] *[[Moisés Bensabat Amzalak]] *[[Mordecai Manuel Noah]] *[[Moses da Costa]] *[[Pierre Mendès France]] *[[Rehuel Lobatto]] *[[Robert Henriques]] *[[Rodrigo López (physician)|Rodrigo López]] *[[Sam Costa]] *[[Samuel Nunez]] *[[Samuel Sarphati]] *[[Uriel da Costa]] *[[Vic Seixas]] ==See also== {{Portal|Judaism|Portugal}} *[[History of the Jews in Madeira]] *[[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] *[[Portuguese Inquisition]] *[[Goa Inquisition]] *[[Judeo-Portuguese]] *[[History of the Jews in the Netherlands]] **[[Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands]] *[[History of the Jews in Latin America]] *[[History of the Jews in England]] **[[History of the Marranos in England]] *[[History of the Jews in Spain]] **[[Spanish Inquisition]] **[[Alhambra Decree]] *[[History of the Jews in Jamaica]] * [[Pallache family]] * [[Pallache (surname)]] * [[Exiles Memorial Center]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *[[Alexandre Herculano]], ''História da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal'' ({{lang-en|History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal}}, translation of 1926). *Henry Charles Lea, ''A History of the Inquisition of Spain'', vol. 3, Book 8. *Jorge Martins (2006), ''Portugal e os Judeus: Volume I – Dos primórdios da nacionalidade à legislação pombalina'', Lisboa, Vega. *Jorge Martins (2006), ''Portugal e os Judeus: Volume II – Do ressurgimento das comunidades judaicas à Primeira República'', Lisboa, Vega. *Jorge Martins (2006), ''Portugal e os Judeus: Volume III – Judaísmo e anti-semitismo no século XX'', Lisboa, Vega. *''The New History of Portugal'', ed. H.V. Livermore, Cambridge University Press, 1969. ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930192008/http://ttonline.iantt.pt/dserve.exe?dsqServer=calm6&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=overview.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo='PT-TT-TSO') Index of the court proceedings and other documents of the Portuguese Inquisition (in Portuguese)] *[https://hehaver-oheljacob.org/ Website of Synagogue Ohel Jacob] *[http://www.cilisboa.org/ Website of Lisbon Israelite community] *[http://comunidade-israelita-porto.org/ Website of Porto Israelite community] *[http://comunidadejudaicabelmonte.blogspot.pt/ Blogue of Belmonte Jewish community] {{History of the Jews in Europe}} {{Religion in Portugal}} {{Sephardi Jews topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Jewish Portuguese history| ]] [[Category:History of the Jews in Europe by country]]'