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Muisca cuisine

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Muisca raft, most prominent piece of gold working by the Muisca
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Muisca cuisine describes the food and preparation the Muisca elaborated. The Muisca were an advanced civilization inhabiting the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca in the 1530s. Their diet and cuisine consisted of many endemic flora and fauna of Colombia.

The main product of the Muisca was maize, in various forms. The advantage of maize was that it could be grown in the various climatic zones the Muisca territories experienced.[1] It was the basis for their diet and the alcoholic drink, chicha, made from fermented maize and sugar.

In the Muisca religion their agriculture and celebration of harvests, conducted along the complex Muisca calendar, were protected by Chaquén and Nencatacoa. The Muisca ate a variety of roots and tubers and even had a specific word in their Chibcha language for eating those: bgysqua.[2]

Muisca cuisine

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Chicha, an alcoholic beverage made from maize and sugar
Aba, maize, the main product for the Muisca

The Muisca cultivated many different crops in their own regions, part of the Muisca Confederation, and obtained more exotic culinary treats through trade with neighbouring indigenous peoples, with as most important; the Lache (cotton, tobacco, tropical fruits, sea snails), Muzo (emeralds, Magdalena River fish, access to gold, spices), Achagua (coca, feathers, yopó, Llanos Basin fish, curare).

The climatic variation of the Muisca territories allowed for the agriculture of different crops. Javier Ocampo López describes the Muisca diet as predominantly vegetarian: potatoes, maize, beans, mandioca, tomatoes, calabazas, peppers and numerous fruits. The Muisca also used grains known today as quinoa. Quybsa, or Ají have also been made by the Muisca in the Pre-Columbian era, especially as a spice for foods.

The main base for the Muisca cuisine was maize, considered a holy crop. The Muisca roasted corn (maize), ate it off the plant or converted it into popcorn. The Muisca also made the corn into arepas, the first presence of the arepa in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense dates to roughly 3,000 years ago.[3]

Arepa in Bogotá with Ají sauce.

Main meat was the guinea pig, endemic to South America, which they farmed in their homes. In special cases they ate llamas, alpacas, deer, capybara (chigüiro in Spanish), and fish from the rivers and lakes of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Magdalena and Llanos through trade. The Muisca drank a lot of chicha, a fermented alcoholic drink of maize and sugar, served in ceramic pots called urdu or aryballus.[4]

Paleodietary studies performed on the Bogotá savanna, where 18 Muisca skeletons ranging in historical age from 8th to 10th century AD and 26 skeletons from the 12th and 13th century AD, together with analysis of 10 mummies of the Guane, Lache and Muisca were analysed, have shown that about 60% of the food of the people consisted of vegetary products and 40% of meat and especially fish.

After the Spanish conquest, the access to meat was drastically reduced changing the diet of the Muisca and other indigenous groups of central Colombia. Studies from Tunja, called Hunza in the time of the Muisca, have shown the people did not suffer from malnutrition though.[5]

Words for maize

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Fica, maize leaf
Agua, maize kernels
Chiscami, black maize

As maize was the most important crop and food for the Muisca, their language (Muysccubun) had many different words for maize, parts of the plant and the different processes and eating habits.[6]

Muysccubun English
aba maize
abqui corncob
abzie maize hairs
fica maize leaf
agua maize kernels
amne maize stem
abtiba yellow maize
chiscami black maize
fuquiepquijiza white maize
fusuamuy half-coloured maize
jachua hard maize
jichuami rice maize
pochuba soft coloured maize
sasami coloured maize
amtaquin dry maize stem
amne chijuchua green maize stem
absum maize seed
abitago maize surplus
abquy grainless maize
bcahachysuca removing maize grains
lie bun maize roll
chochoca seasoned maize

Plants

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Achira
Sweet potatoes
Rocoto or Capsicum pubescens
Main article: Muisca agriculture

The Muisca cultivated their crops in so-called camellones, artificially elevated surfaces that allowed the roots of the crops to be sufficiently irrigated with the average 700–1000 mm of rain a year and drainage systems regulating the water levels.[7]

Main plants to be cultivated were:

  • Canna edulis or achira, one of the first plants cultivated in the Andes[8]
  • Arracacia xanthorrhiza or arracacha, ideally grown at altitudes of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) and above, used in soups, grilled, boiled, fried or baked[9]
  • Tropaeolum tuberosum, ideally grown at high altitudes exceeding 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)[10]
  • Oxalis tuberosa—although this root is not native to Colombia, it was used by pre-Columbian societies in Cundinamarca and Boyacá, after being introduced from its place of origin in Peru, where the majority of varieties are found[11]
  • Ullucus tuberosus or ulluco, used in various traditional dishes, still today[12]
  • Yacón, eaten raw, usually with a bit of salt, also eaten traditionally today[13]
  • Solanum tuberosum, Solanum colombianum, Solanum andigens, Solanum rybinii and Solanum boyacense, different types of potatoes were a lesser part of the Muisca diet; maize was more important[13]
  • Manihot esculenta or yuca, a very important tuber in the diet of the South American indigenous people, cultivated as of 1120 BCE and still one of the most important ingredients in Colombian and other Latin-American cuisine[14]
  • Ipomoea batatas, sweet potatoes, as evidenced from 3200 years before present in Zipacón[15]

Grains and cereals

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Fruits

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Lulo, national fruit of Colombia
Coca leaves

Leaves

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Meat

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White-tailed deer
Mountain paca
Purple gallinule
Eremophilus mutisii

Mammals

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Birds

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As Colombia has the biggest biodiversity of birds in the world, they formed part of their cuisine, mainly:[41]

Fish

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Insects

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Food processing and preparation

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Using the abundant coal of the Muisca territories, they heated their ovens and cooked their food.[44]

Eating habits

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The Muisca sat down on the ground while eating and they did not use cutlery, and ate with their hands. The food was served on leaves or in ceramic pots.[44]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Restrepo, 2009, p.29
  2. ^ García, 2012, p.65
  3. ^ https://www.latinx4sm.org/post/the-history-of-are |url-status=live|access-date=2024-1-25
  4. ^ Ocampo López, 2007, Ch.V, p.177
  5. ^ a b Martínez & Manrique, 2014, p.100
  6. ^ Daza, 2013, pp.27-28
  7. ^ García, 2012, p.43
  8. ^ García, 2012, p.44
  9. ^ García, 2012, p.50
  10. ^ García, 2012, p.52
  11. ^ García, 2012, p.55
  12. ^ García, 2012, p.56
  13. ^ a b García, 2012, p.59
  14. ^ García, 2012, p.61
  15. ^ García, 2012, p.63
  16. ^ García, 2012, p.66
  17. ^ García, 2012, p.73
  18. ^ García, 2012, p.76
  19. ^ a b García, 2012, p.80
  20. ^ García, 2012, p.82
  21. ^ García, 2012, p.84
  22. ^ García, 2012, p.87
  23. ^ Rodríguez Cuenca, 2006, p.115
  24. ^ García, 2012, p.90
  25. ^ García, 2012, p.91
  26. ^ García, 2012, p.93
  27. ^ García, 2012, p.94
  28. ^ García, 2012, p.98
  29. ^ García, 2012, p.100
  30. ^ García, 2012, p.103
  31. ^ García, 2012, p.105
  32. ^ García, 2012, p.106
  33. ^ García, 2012, p.109
  34. ^ García, 2012, p.110
  35. ^ García, 2012, p.112
  36. ^ García, 2012, p.115
  37. ^ García, 2012, p.116
  38. ^ García, 2012, p.122
  39. ^ García, 2012, p.127
  40. ^ Cardale, 1985, p.105
  41. ^ García, 2012, p.132
  42. ^ García, 2012, p.133
  43. ^ a b c d e Restrepo, 2009, p.41
  44. ^ a b Restrepo, 2009, p.43

Bibliography

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