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Chinstrap penguin

Penguins are birds in the family Spheniscidae in the monotypic order Sphenisciformes.[1] They inhabit high-productivity marine habitats, almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere; the only species to occur north of the Equator is the Galapagos penguin.[2][3] The only group of birds other than the ratites to be entirely flightless, penguins are extremely adapted to their aquatic lifestyle, with a streamlined shape that minimizes drag, countershaded dark-and-white plumage,[3] dense bones,[2] powerful flippers, and insulating feathers that allow them to withstand very low temperatures on land and in water.[3]

There are currently 18 extant species of penguins recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union, distributed among six genera.[1] Many species of fossil penguins are known from the Paleocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[4]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (5 species)
 VU Vulnerable (4 species)
 NT Near threatened (2 species)
 LC Least concern (7 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the penguin's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,[6] the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

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The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 18 species of penguins in six genera. This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Family Spheniscidae

Penguins

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Genus Aptenodytes – Miller, J. F., 1778 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
King penguin

A. patagonicus
Miller, J. F., 1778 		Subantarctic islands
Map of range 		 LC 


1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs Population increasing[7]

Emperor penguin

A. forsteri
Gray, G. R., 1884 		Antarctic sea ice
Map of range 		 NT 


256,500 breeding pairs Population declining[8]

Genus Pygoscelis – Wagler, 1832 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Adélie penguin

P. adeliae
(Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841) 		Antarctica and surrounding islands
Map of range 		 LC 


1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs Population increasing[9]

Chinstrap penguin

P. antarcticus
(Forster, J. R., 1781) 		Antarctic Peninsula and Balleny Islands
Map of range 		 LC 


8,000,000 Population declining[10]

Gentoo penguin

P. papua
(Forster, J. R., 1781)

Four subspecies
  • P. p. taeniata
  • P. p. papua
  • P. p. ellsworthi
  • P. p. poncetii
Subantarctic islands and locally in Antarctica
Map of range 		 LC 


774,000 Population stable[11]

Genus Eudyptula – Bonaparte, 1856 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Little penguin

E. minor
(Forster, J. R., 1781)

Six subspecies
  • E. m. novaehollandiae
  • E. m. iredalei
  • E. m. variabilis
  • E. m. minor
  • E. m. albosignata
  • E. m. chathamensis
Australia and New Zealand
Map of range 		 LC 


469,760 Population stable[12]

Genus Spheniscus – Brisson, 1760 – 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Galapagos penguin

S. mendiculus
Sundevall, 1871 		Galápagos Islands
Map of range 		 EN 


1,200 Population declining[13]

Humboldt penguin

S. humboldti
Meyen, 1834 		South America
Map of range 		 VU 


23,800 Population declining[14]

Magellanic penguin

S. magellanicus
(Forster, J. R., 1781) 		South America
Map of range 		 LC 


2,200,000–3,200,000 Population declining[15]

African penguin

S. demersus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Coasts of Southern Africa
Map of range 		 EN 


41,700 Population declining[16]

Genus Megadyptes – Milne-Edwards, 1880 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Yellow-eyed penguin

M. antipodes
(Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841) 		New Zealand
Map of range 		 EN 


2,600–3,000 Population declining[17]

Genus Eudyptes – Vieillot, 1816 – 7 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Macaroni penguin

E. chrysolophus
(Brandt, J. F., 1837) 		Antarctic Peninsula, South America, and subantarctic islands in South Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Map of range 		 VU 


6,300,000 breeding pairs Population declining[18]

Royal penguin

E. schlegeli
Finsch, 1876 		Macquarie Island and nearby islands  LC 


1,340,000–1,660,000 Unknown[19]

Northern rockhopper penguin

E. moseleyi
Mathews & Iredale, 1921 		Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island, and St. Paul Island  EN 


413,700 Population declining[20]

Southern rockhopper penguin

E. chrysocome
(Forster, J. R., 1781)

Two subspecies
  • E. c. filholi
  • E. c. chrysocome
South America and subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean and New Zealand  VU 


2,500,000 Population declining[21]

Fiordland penguin

E. pachyrhynchus
Gray, G. R., 1845 		New Zealand
Map of range 		 NT 


12,500–50,000 Population declining[22]

Snares penguin

E. robustus
Oliver, 1953 		Snares Islands
Map of range 		 VU 


63,000 Population stable[23]

Erect-crested penguin

E. sclateri
Buller, 1888 		Bounty and Antipodes Islands
Map of range 		 EN 


150,000 Population declining[24]

Fossil species

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Basal sphenisciformes

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Species Notes Source
Waimanu manneringi Slack et al. 2006
Muriwaimanu tuatahi Mayr et al. 2017
Sequiwaimanu roseae Mayr et al. 2017
Crossvallia unienwillia Jadwiszczak et al. 2013
Crossvallia waiparensis Mayr et al. 2019
Petradyptes stonehousei Ksepka et al. 2023
Kaiika maxwelli Fordyce & Thoman 2011
Kumimanu biceae Mayr et al. 2017
Kumimanu fordecyi Ksepka et al. 2023
Kupoupou stilwelli Blokland et al. 2019

Advanced sphenisciformes

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Species Notes Source
Anthropornis nordenskjoldii Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Anthropornis grandis Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
UCMP 321021 (Anthropornis sp.) Ksepka & Clarke, 2010
Palaeeudyptes antarcticus
Palaeeudyptes marplesi
Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Palaeeudyptes gunnari May represent the opposite sex of P. klekowskii [1] Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Chilean Palaeeudyptes
Burnside "Palaeeudyptes" Ksepka & Clarke, 2010
Duntroon "Palaeeudyptes" Ksepka & Clarke, 2010
Archaeospheniscus lowei Giovanardi et al. 2021
Archaeospheniscus lopdelli Giovanardi et al. 2021
Notodyptes wimani Formerly Archaeospheniscus Giovanardi et al. 2021
Delphinornis larseni Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Delphinornis gracilis Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Delphinornis arctowskii Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Mesetaornis polaris Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Marambiornis exilis Jadwiszczak et al. 2002
Aprosdokitos mikrotero Hospitaleche et al. 2017
Perudyptes devriesi Ksepka & Clarke, 2010
Eretiscus tonni Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Palaeospheniscus bilocular Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Palaeospheniscus bergi Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Paraptenodytes antarcticus Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Arthrodytes andrewsi Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Madrynornis mirandus[25] Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Pachydyptes simpsoni Park & Fitzgerald, 2012
Pachydyptes ponderosus Giovanardi et al. 2021
Anthropodyptes gilli Park & Fitzgerald, 2012
Pseudaptenodytes macraei Park & Fitzgerald, 2012
Marambiornopsis sobrali Jadwiszczak et al. 2021
Icadyptes salasi Clarke et al. 2007
Kairuku waewaeroa Giovanardi et al. 2021
Kairuku grebneffi Giovanardi et al. 2021
Kairuku waitaki Giovanardi et al. 2021
Glen Murray Kairuku sp. Giovanardi et al. 2021
Platydyptes novaezealandiae Giovanardi et al. 2021
Platydyptes marplesi Giovanardi et al. 2021
Inkayacu paracasensis Clarke et al. 2010
Pakudyptes hakataramea Ando et al. 2024

Extinct species of extant genera

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Species Notes Source
Spheniscus megaramphus Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Spheniscus urbinai Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Spheniscus chilensis Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Spheniscus muizoni Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Pygoscelis grandis Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Pygoscelis tyreei
Pygoscelis calderensis Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008
Eudyptes atatu Thomas et al. 2020
Eudyptes warhami Cole et al. 2019
Eudyptes calauina Hoffmeister et al. 2014
Eudyptula wilsonae Thomas et al. 2023
Megadyptes antipodes richdalei Cole et al. 2019
Megadyptes antipodes waitaha Cole et al. 2019
Aptenodytes ridgeni

Poorly understood taxa

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Species Notes Source
Dege hendeyi
Inguza predemersus
Duntroonornis parvus
Nucleornis insolitus
Marplesornis novaezealandiae
Korora oliveri
Paraptenodytes robustus
Platydyptes amiesi
"Pakudyptes hakataramea" Also called the "Hakataramea Penguin" Ando, 2007 (unpublished)

Invalid taxa

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Species Notes Source
Tonniornis mesetaensis Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Ksepka & Clarke, 2010
Tonniornis minimum Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Similar size to a specimen referred to Delphinornis larseni. Ksepka & Clarke, 2010
Tereingaornis moisleyi Genus is a nomen dubium due to lack of identifiable traits, but the specimen may belong to a new species (the Te Ringa Falls Penguin) Thomas et al. 2019
Wimanornis seymourensis Synonymous with Palaeeudypytes gunnari
Orthopteryx gigas Hospitaleche and Reguero, 2010
Ichtyopteryx gracilis Hospitaleche and Reguero, 2010
Palaeoapterodytes ictus Hospitaleche, 2010
Psuedaptenodytes minor Lack of diagnostic characteristics on the holotype Park & Fitzgerald, 2012

The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae; however, re-examination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae.[26] Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis.[27]

Notes

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  1. ^ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[5]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023). "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Penguins (Spheniscidae)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.spheni1.01, retrieved 27 September 2023
  3. ^ a b c Davies, Lloyd S. (2010). The Penguins. Poyser Monographs. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9781408133309.
  4. ^ "Fossilworks: Spheniscidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  5. ^ "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  6. ^ Clements, James F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2022). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022". Clements Checklist. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  7. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes patagonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697748A184637776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  8. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697752A157658053. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  9. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis adeliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697758A157660553. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  10. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697761A184807209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  11. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis papua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697755A157664581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptula minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697805A202126091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697805A202126091.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  13. ^ Bird life International (2020). "Spheniscus mendiculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697825A182729677. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697825A182729677.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  14. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus humboldti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697817A182714418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697817A182714418.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  15. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus magellanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697822A157428850. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697822A157428850.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  16. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697810A157423361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  17. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Megadyptes antipodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697800A182703046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697800A182703046.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  18. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysolophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697793A184720991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697793A184720991.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  19. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Eudyptes schlegeli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22697797A210894343. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  20. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes moseleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22734408A184698049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22734408A184698049.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysocome". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22735250A182762377. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735250A182762377.en. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  22. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes pachyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697776A182279725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697776A182279725.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  23. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Eudyptes robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697782A132602343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697782A132602343.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  24. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697789A131879000. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697789A131879000.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  25. ^ Acosta Hospitaleche; Tambussi; M. Donato; M. Cozzuol (2007). "A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (2): 299–314.
  26. ^ Simpson, G.G. (1946). "Fossil penguins" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 81. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  27. ^ Olson, S.L. (1985). "Faunal Turnover in South American Fossil Avifaunas: The Insufficiencies of the Fossil Record" (PDF). Evolution. 39 (5): 1174–1177. doi:10.2307/2408747. JSTOR 2408747. PMID 28561505. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
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