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Armenians in Israel and Palestine

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Armenians in Israel and Palestine
Total population
5,000[1]–6,000[2]
Regions with significant populations
Jerusalem, Haifa, Holon, Nazareth, Bethlehem
Languages
Armenian
Modern Hebrew
Levantine Arabic[3]
Religion
Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Catholic Church
Armenian Evangelical Church
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Armenians
Armenian quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem
Armenian ceramicist in the Old City of Jerusalem
Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem

Armenians in Israel and Palestine (Hebrew: ארמנים; Arabic: أَرْمَنِيُّون) make up a community of approximately 5,000–6,000 Armenians living in both Israel and the State of Palestine.

In 1986, it was estimated that 1,500 Armenians lived in the city of Jerusalem.[4] According to a 2006 survey, 790 Armenians lived in Jerusalem's Old City.[5] In 2021, an estimate of approximately 5,000–6,000 Armenians lived across Israel and Palestine.[6][7]

History

A significant minority of the Armenian community has been resident in the Levant for centuries.

Classical-era

Recorded Armenian presence in Israel dates back to the 1st century BCE, when the Armenian king Tigranes the Great made much of Judea a vassal of the Kingdom of Armenia[citation needed].

4th–18th century

The first recorded Armenian pilgrimage to the Holy Land was an Armenian delegation of priests in the early 4th century AD. The visit is alluded to in an Armenian translation of a Greek letter written by Patriarch Macarius of Jerusalem to his contemporary, St. Vrtanes (ruled 333–341).[8]

The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem was founded in 638.[5] It is located in the Armenian Quarter, the smallest quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.

Ottoman and British periods

Photographers

Starting in the 1850s Armenians became dominant among Palestine's photographers.[9] The central figure in this development was the leading cleric Esayee Garabedian, who were to become Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1864–65, and who started photographing in 1857[10] and established a photography workshop within the St. James monastic compound. There he set up a school for photography, Garabed Krikorian (1847–1920) and his brother Kevork counting among his students.[10][9] Other 19th-century Armenian photographers from Jerusalem are J. H. Halladjian, M. Mardikian and Yusuf Toumaian. After the Armenian genocide other photographers joined them, including Hrnat Nakashian and Elia Kahvedjian.

Garabed Krikorian opened a photography workshop on Jaffa Road in the 1870s and became himself a teacher, one of his students being Khalil Raad, known as "Palestine's first Arab photographer".[11][12] Another one of his students, Abraham Guiragossian, worked for the famous Maison Bonfils studio of Beirut and eventually bought it up (see there).

Elia Kahvedjian (1910-1999), a refugee of the Armenian genocide, was one of the leading photographers in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century.[13] Kegham Djeghalian (1915–1981), another Armenian genocide refugee survivor, opened Gaza's first photography studio in 1944.[14]

Ceramicists

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armenian tile makers and potters in Palestine.

Many Armenians from Kütahya, a city in Turkey, were known for their hand-painted ceramic wares and tiles. In 1919, several master craftsmen were brought to Jerusalem to renovate the tiles covering the facade of the Dome of the Rock. They remained in Jerusalem and developed the art of Armenian ceramics.[15]

Demographics under British rule

The 1922 census of Palestine lists 3,210 Christians as members of Armenian churches, 271 being Armenian Catholic (176 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 10 in Samaria, and 85 in Northern) and 2,939 being Armenian Apostolic (11 in Southern, 2,800 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, eight in Samaria, and 120 in Northern) along with 2,970 Armenian speakers, including 2,906 in municipal areas (2,442 in Jerusalem, 216 in Jaffa, 101 in Haifa, four in Gaza, 13 in Nablus, one in Safad, 20 in Nazareth, 13 in Ramleh, one in Tiberias, 37 in Bethlehem, 25 in Acre, four in Tulkarem, 21 in Ramallah, six in Jenin, one in Beersheba, and one in Baisan).[16]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

1948–1967

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the establishment of the State of Israel, a number of Armenians residing in what had been the British Mandate of Palestine took up Israeli citizenship, whereas other Armenian residents of Old City of Jerusalem and the territory captured by Jordan received Jordanian nationality.[citation needed] Two groups of Armenians emerged: Armenians with Israeli citizenship living within the borders of the state and Armenians with Jordanian nationality in Jerusalem's Armenian Quarter and the rest of Jordanian West Bank.

After 1967

After the 1967 Six-Day War, the Armenian population, especially in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, experienced a decrease in its numbers because of emigration.[citation needed] Armenians of Jerusalem were provided with Israeli resident status and some applied for citizenship. As of 2023, about 2,000 Armenians were residents but not citizens of Israeli-controlled territory and were stateless persons.[17]

In 1983, tensions arose within the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem, when Patriarch Yeshighe Derderian replaced Archbishop Shahe Ajamian.[4] Violence erupted in June 1986, when a group of Armenian Patriarch Derderian's supporters attacked another Armenian family, which was well known for its anti-Patriarch views and as a result one man was killed and six others were injured in a street battle that church representatives dubbed "a fight between two families."[4]

As of 2023, As of 2023, the Armenian community around the Old City's Armenian Quarter has been shrinking. Activists claimed that its continued survival was threatened by a controversial land deal that could result in the loss of Armenian control over 25% of the Armenian Quarter.[17]

Demographics

In 1986, it was estimated that 1,500 Armenians lived in the city of Jerusalem.[4] According to a 2006 survey, 790 Armenians lived in Jerusalem's Old City.[5] In 2022, an estimate of approximately 5,000–6,000 Armenians lived across Israel and Palestine.[18][7]

There are a few Russian-speaking Jews from Armenia in Israel, but they are classified within the former USSR Aliyah, so no precise statistics are available prior to 1991 when Armenia restored its independence from the USSR.

Religion

The overwhelming majority of Armenians in Israel are Armenian Orthodox Christians, but there are also a small number of Armenian Catholics and Armenian Evangelicals. The Armenian Orthodox remain under the jurisdiction of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the residing Patriarch, in spiritual connection with the Armenian Apostolic Church (See of Holy Etchmiadzin), whereas the Armenian Catholics are under the jurisdiction of the Armenian Catholic Church and Patriarchal Vicar (residing at Via Dolorosa 41 – Fourth Station).

The Churches belonging to the Armenian Apostolic Church are among others St. Elias Church in Haifa and Saint Nicholas Church and Monastery in Jaffa. Armenian-Israelis also pray in St. James Cathedral (Surpotz Hagopyants) at the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (under joint jurisdiction of Armenian Church with other Christian churches), the Tomb of Virgin Mary and Gethsemane, the Chapel of the Ascension on Mount of Olives, the Church of St. Gregory the Enlightener in modern Jerusalem, and the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem (again under joint jurisdiction of the Armenian Church and other Christian churches). The Armenian Church also has the St George Monastery in Ramle. Armenians in Israel and Palestine celebrate Christmas and the Epiphany on the same day, which is traditionally on January 19, while Armenian Orthodox communities in Armenia and worldwide celebrate on January 6. This is because the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem still abides by the ancient Julian calendar, whereas the Armenian Apostolic Church has adopted the Gregorian calendar. Armenian Catholics, Evangelical and Brethren churches in Israel celebrate Christmas on December 25, in line with all other Catholics of the Roman Catholic Church as well as other fellow Protestants.

Language and culture

The Institute of African and Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem established a chair of Armenian Studies program, specialising in study of Armenian language, literature, history and culture as well as the Armenian genocide.

Armenia–Israel relations

Armenians protesting Turkish denial of the Armenian genocide, 2016

Armenia maintains diplomatic relations with Israel. According to the CIA World Factbook, Armenia receives 4.8% of its imports from Israel, while Israel receives 7.1% of Armenia's exports.[19] Although both countries have diplomatic relations, neither maintains an embassy in the other country. Instead, Ambassador Ehud Moshe Eytam, the Israeli ambassador to Armenia is based in Tbilisi, Georgia, and visits Yerevan twice a month. In Jerusalem Tsolag Momjian is the honorary consul.

Since Armenia's independence, Israeli politicians, rabbis, and the country's Armenian community have called on the Israeli government to recognize the Armenian genocide. At the same time, Turkey has threatened to break off ties with Israel if Israel or the United States recognized the killings as genocide.[20] As of 2008, there has been an ongoing debate regarding recognition in the Knesset with Turkey lobbying hard to prevent it.[21] A 2007 survey found that more than 70% of Israelis thought that Israel should recognize the genocide, with 44% willing to break off relations with Turkey over the issue.[22][23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Armenian Population in the World". Archived from the original on 2013-05-11.
  2. ^ https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-01-24/ty-article/.premium/im-in-mourning-for-one-of-my-countries-im-furious-with-the-other/0000017f-e31e-d568-ad7f-f37f7bc90000 Haaretz
  3. ^ Shafrir, Asher (2011). "Ethnic minority languages in Israel" (PDF). Proceedings of the Scientific Conference AFASES. AFASES. Brasov, Romania. pp. 493–498.
  4. ^ a b c d "Armenians in Israel by Arthur Hagopian".
  5. ^ a b c Jerusalem The Old City The Urban Fabric and Geopolitical Implications (PDF). International Peace and Cooperation Center. 2009. p. 43. ISBN 978-965-7283-16-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  6. ^ "For Armenians in Israel, a Sad Holiday and an Identity Crisis Following Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict". Haaretz. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  7. ^ a b Citing Holocaust, Israeli Armenians demand genocide recognition
  8. ^ "A Centuries-Old Presence in the Holy Land". Archived from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  9. ^ a b Gannit Ankori (2006). Palestinian Art (1st, paperback ed.). Reaktion Books. p. 36. ISBN 9781861892591.
  10. ^ a b Luminous-Lint. Photography: History, Evolution and Analysis
  11. ^ Badr al-Hajj (Winter 2001). "Khalil Raad – Jerusalem Photographer". Jerusalem Quarterly. 11–12. Institute of Jerusalem Studies: 34.
  12. ^ Palmquist, Peter E.; Rudisill, Richard; Haynes, David; Sandweiss, Martha A. (2001). Photographers: A Sourcebook for Historical Research (2nd, revised ed.). Carl Mautz Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 9781887694186.
  13. ^ The finest photographs of early 20th century Palestine, shuttered in controversy, Haaretz
  14. ^ Bedirian, Razmig (21 June 2021). "The Armenian photographer who captured life in Gaza on camera: 'People had a personal connection with him'". The National. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  15. ^ Armenian Pottery and the Karakashians
  16. ^ Palestine Census ( 1922).
  17. ^ a b Debre, Isabel (2023-06-07). "In Jerusalem's contested Old City, shrinking Armenian community fears displacement after land deal". Associated Press News. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
  18. ^ Shams, Alex. "Armenians in Palestine face uncertain future". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  19. ^ CIA World Factbook: Armenia
  20. ^ "Israel expresses concern over Turkish-Armenian massacre dispute". The Associated Press. 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  21. ^ "A Turkey-Armenia reconciliation?". Los Angeles Times. 2008-04-25. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  22. ^ "Survey Shows Many Want Israel to Recognize Armenian Genocide". Asbarez.com. 3 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  23. ^ David Smith (2008-04-25). "Armenia's "Christian holocaust"". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
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